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		<title>EVS - Echoes of Europe</title>
		<link>http://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/</link>
		<description>Blog</description>
		<lastBuildDate>Tue, 25 Feb 2014 16:25:07 GMT</lastBuildDate>
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			<title>Tradycje i zwyczaje związane z życiem człowieka</title>
			<description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Narodziny dziecka i chrzest&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pierwszym i najważniejszym wydarze&amp;shy;niem w życiu człowieka są jego narodziny. Na całym świecie, narodziny miały szcze&amp;shy;g&amp;oacute;lne znaczenie, więc ludzie chronili zwy&amp;shy;czaj, w kt&amp;oacute;rym bierze udział rodzina i cała społeczność. Jest wiele tradycji, kt&amp;oacute;re zo&amp;shy;stały utracone w miarę upływu czasu, ale nadal istnieją tradycje i zwyczaje, kt&amp;oacute;re są skrupulatnie przestrzegane.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
			<content:encoded>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Narodziny dziecka i chrzest&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pierwszym i najważniejszym wydarze&amp;shy;niem w życiu człowieka są jego narodziny. Na całym świecie, narodziny miały szcze&amp;shy;g&amp;oacute;lne znaczenie, więc ludzie chronili zwy&amp;shy;czaj, w kt&amp;oacute;rym bierze udział rodzina i cała społeczność. Jest wiele tradycji, kt&amp;oacute;re zo&amp;shy;stały utracone w miarę upływu czasu, ale nadal istnieją tradycje i zwyczaje, kt&amp;oacute;re są skrupulatnie przestrzegane.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W Rumunii uważa się, że domy bez dzieci są puste. Dzieci były uważane za duchowe bogactwo rodziny i za jej społeczne spełnie&amp;shy;nie, nowożeńcy osiągali status ludzi na wła&amp;shy;ściwej pozycji, dopiero po tym jak stali się rodzicami.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Kobieta w ciąży i jej dziecko mają opie&amp;shy;kuna w postaci Maryi Panny. Osobą, kt&amp;oacute;ra przeprowadzała rytuał związany z narodzi&amp;shy;nami i chrztem była położna. Od momentu, kiedy położna została wezwana do pomocy, jej słowo stawało się prawem dla kobiety ciężarnej i jej rodziny.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Tradycyjnie kobietom ciężarnym nie po&amp;shy;zwalano ciężko pracować, zalecano nosić wygodne obuwie i ubranie, nie zalecano pić alkoholu, nie wolno im było dać się zasko&amp;shy;czyć, by nie urodzić przestraszonego dziecka, nie wolno im było kraść kwiat&amp;oacute;w lub innych rzeczy, bo to pozostawało w po&amp;shy;staci znamienia na ciele dziecka, nie wolno im było uderzać ps&amp;oacute;w i kot&amp;oacute;w, aby nie uro&amp;shy;dzić owłosionego dziecka.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Istniały zakazy w odniesieniu do żyw&amp;shy;ności, zalecane było: by nie jeść mięsa ko&amp;shy;ziego czy drobiowego, by nie urodzić dziecka z &quot;gęsią sk&amp;oacute;rką&quot;, by nie jeść ryby od imienin Ignaca (20 grudnia) aż do Bożego Narodzenia &amp;ndash; by nie urodzić martwego dziecka, zalecano podawać jedzenie, na kt&amp;oacute;re kobieta w ciąży miała ochotę, aby nie poroniła, i by dać pierwszy owoc z drzewa kobiecie w ciąży, aby to drzewo było pełne owoc&amp;oacute;w.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Aby mieć łatwy por&amp;oacute;d, kobieta w ciąży nie powinna pozostawać w jednym miejscu i nie powinna pracować, aby nie urodzić dziecka, kt&amp;oacute;re będzie musiało bardzo ciężko pracować. Wcześniej, rodzice dziecka przy&amp;shy;gotowują wszystko, co jest potrzebne: ubranka, wanienkę, kołyskę itp.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Do niedawna, podczas porodu kobiety wspomagane były przez położne, przez ko&amp;shy;biety biegłe w obrzędach związanych z na&amp;shy;rodzinami. Położna była czasami uważana za członka rodziny. Położnym podarowywano produkty gospodarstwa domowego, takie jak: mięso, jaja, mleko i produkty mleczne, itp. i bardzo rzadko pieniądze.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Kiedy kobieta zaczynała rodzić, wzywano położną. Wszyscy członkowie rodziny czekali w innym pomieszczeniu lub na zewnątrz i modlili się o łatwy przebieg porodu.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Położna była osobą, kt&amp;oacute;ra udzielała pierwszej pomocy dziecku: ona przecinała pępowinę i pierwszy raz je kąpała.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Tradycyjnie, w pierwszej kąpieli nowo&amp;shy;rodk&amp;oacute;w umieszczano:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Bazylię: być atrakcyjną, zwłaszcza jeśli dotyczyło to dziewczynki,&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mleko: by mieć białą i miękką sk&amp;oacute;rę,&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pszenicę: by być uczciwym,&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Koperek: by być lubianym jak koperek w kuchni,&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Miętę i rumianek: by rosnąć z łatwo&amp;shy;ścią i być zdrowym,&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Gł&amp;oacute;wki maku: by dobrze spać,&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nasiona konopi: by szybko rosnąć,&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pi&amp;oacute;ra: by być lekkimi jak one,&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Płatki r&amp;oacute;ż: by mieć piękno r&amp;oacute;ż,&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wodę święconą: by być czystym i bez&amp;shy;piecznym,&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Jaja: by być zdrowym i pełnym jak jajko, kt&amp;oacute;re musi pozostać w całości, by matka umieściła je w kąpieli następnego dnia,&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Srebrne monety: aby mieć życie pełne obfitości.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Po kąpieli położna wyjmuje pieniądze z wanienki i idzie wylać wodę na korzenie ja&amp;shy;błoni lub gruszy, żeby nowo narodzone dziecko rosło piękne i zdrowe jak to drzewo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Istnieje tradycja, że rodzice zawiązują czerwony sznureczek lub wstążkę now&amp;shy;orodkom, aby były chronione przed złym urokiem.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Uważa się, że po porodzie kobieta jest w okresie połogu przez sześć do ośmiu ty&amp;shy;godni, gdy kapłan odmawia oczyszczającą modlitwę w kościele. W związku z tym nie wolno jej chodzić do kościoła lub do pracy.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Każda osoba, kt&amp;oacute;ra wchodzi do domu powinna zostawić pieniądze lub prezenty &amp;bdquo;dla dobrego snu dziecka&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Chrzest jest szczeg&amp;oacute;lnie ważny dla Rumun&amp;oacute;w, jest obrzędem, bez kt&amp;oacute;rego nie można sobie wyobrazić ludzkiego istnienia.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Chrześcijańskie imię dziecka jest wybie&amp;shy;rane przed jego narodzeniem. Jeśli dziecko zachorowało, rodzice zmieniali jego imię, ten zwyczaj został jednak utracony.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W Kościele prawosławnym chrzest jest przyjmowany w 40 dni od porodu. Rodzicami chrzestnymi są ci, kt&amp;oacute;rzy gwaran&amp;shy;tują dziecku wiarę. Po chrzcie rodzice chrzestni powierzają dziecko rodzicom. Rodzice chrzestni są uważani za duchowych rodzic&amp;oacute;w dziecka.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Podczas chrztu, dziecko jest zanurzane w chrzcielnicy z wodą. W tym względzie należy przypomnieć chrzest Chrystusa w Jordanie. Woda jest jednym ze sposob&amp;oacute;w oczyszcza&amp;shy;nia, wraz z ogniem i ziemią.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ostatni element chrztu polega na poda&amp;shy;niu przez księdza zapalonej świecy ojcu chrzestnemu, ksiądz m&amp;oacute;wi: &quot;Weź zapaloną świecę i zachowuj słuszność chrztu: prze&amp;shy;strzegaj przykazań Bożych, że kiedy Pan przyjdzie na ślub, będziesz m&amp;oacute;gł Go powitać wraz ze wszystkimi świętymi niebiańskiej uczty, i żyć wiecznie&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Akt ten można wytłumaczyć słowami św. Pawła: &quot;Albowiem byliście ciemnością, lecz teraz jesteście światłością w Panu: postę&amp;shy;pujcie jak dzieci światłości&quot; (List św. Pawła do Efezjan V, 8). Chrzest kończy się błogo&amp;shy;sławieństwem: &quot;Idź w pokoju, a Pan będzie z tobą&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Po chrzcie odbywa się uczta na jego cześć, na kt&amp;oacute;rą zapraszani są chrzestni, krewni, sąsiedzi i przyjaciele.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Zwyczaje związane z narodzinami kończą się wraz z cięcie pasm włos&amp;oacute;w i łamaniem chleba nad głową dziecka. Zwyczaj ten ma miejsce rok po urodzeniu. W tym dniu, dziecko wybiera jeden z obiekt&amp;oacute;w umiesz&amp;shy;czonych na tacy, co wskaże jego przyszły zaw&amp;oacute;d.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Rodzina jest podstawą każdego społe&amp;shy;czeństwa. W Polsce do dzisiaj funkcjonuje model patriarchalny. Ojciec decyduje o losie rodziny, jest najważniejszą osobą, stanowi wz&amp;oacute;r do naśladowania, a jego zdanie należy respektować. Narodziny dziecka nie zmie&amp;shy;niły się na przestrzeni lat. Zawsze były i będą ważnym wydarzeniem.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Rodzicom noworodka składa się gratula&amp;shy;cje. Krewni i znajomi odwiedzają nową ro&amp;shy;dzinę. Kiedyś wizyty często przeradzały się w huczne biesiady, zwłaszcza jeśli na świat przyszedł chłopiec. W dzisiejszych czasach jest podobnie - po narodzinach ojciec dziecka świętuje najczęściej ten ważny mo&amp;shy;ment ze swoimi kolegami.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Tuż po narodzinach dziecka często do w&amp;oacute;zka czy ł&amp;oacute;żeczka przypina się czerwoną kokardkę, aby zapobiec rzucaniu urok&amp;oacute;w na dziecko. Jeśli chodzi o wyb&amp;oacute;r imienia w dawnych czasach kierowano się imionami występującymi w kalendarzu w dniu na&amp;shy;rodzin &amp;ndash; dotyczyło to niższych warstw spo&amp;shy;łecznych.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pomijano mało znane imiona, wybierając najbliższego patrona, kt&amp;oacute;rego święto przy&amp;shy;padało w pobliżu urodzin. Czasem było tak, że kapłan nadawał imię dziecku - nawet wbrew woli rodzic&amp;oacute;w.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Szlachta kierowała się raczej tradycją ro&amp;shy;dzinną, syn często dziedziczył imię po ojcu lub dziadku.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W dzisiejszych czasach ludzie zwracają mniejszą uwagę na tradycje rodzinne. Często jednak nadawane są imiona, kt&amp;oacute;re popularne były wiele lat temu. W 2013 roku najpopularniejszymi imionami dla dziew&amp;shy;czynek były: Lena, Julia, Zuzanna, Maja, Amelia, Oliwia, Zofia, Antonina. Jeśli chodzi o imiona chłopc&amp;oacute;w najpopularniejsze imiona to: Jakub, Kacper, Szymon, Filip, Jan, Stanisław.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ważnym elementem związanym z naro&amp;shy;dzinami dziecka jest też chrzest, z racji tego, że Polacy się narodem katolickim.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Zwykle chrzest odbywa się, kiedy dziecko nie osiągnęło jeszcze roku. W kościele od&amp;shy;prawiana jest specjalna msza, podczas kt&amp;oacute;&amp;shy;rej dziecko otrzymuje imię. Chrzest uwalnia człowieka od grzechu pierworodnego, jest r&amp;oacute;wnież warunkiem przyjmowania w przy&amp;shy;szłości kolejnych sakrament&amp;oacute;w.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W czasie chrztu świętego obecni są r&amp;oacute;w&amp;shy;nież rodzice chrzestni, kt&amp;oacute;rzy zwykle są członkami najbliższej rodziny lub ewentual&amp;shy;nie przyjaci&amp;oacute;łmi. W przeszłości sądzono, że dziecko dziedziczy cechy rodzic&amp;oacute;w chrzest&amp;shy;nych, więc starannie ich dobierano i dbano, by byli to ludzie zamożni, o znaczącej pozycji społecznej.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Z narodzinami nie łączy się zbyt wiele tradycji czy zwyczaj&amp;oacute;w. Wiele przesąd&amp;oacute;w związanych jest jednak z okresem ciąży.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Czy należy w nie wierzyć czy też nie &amp;ndash; tą decyzję pozostawiam każdemu z osobna. Poniżej przedstawiamy kilka z nich.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Jeśli ciężarna się przestraszy i złapie za jakąś część ciała, np. twarz, głowę, rękę, to u noworodka powstanie w tym miejscu znamię.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ciężarnej kobiecie się nie odmawia, ponieważ tego, kto odm&amp;oacute;wi, zjedzą myszy.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Jeśli kobieta przyswaja wiedzę w cza&amp;shy;sie ciąży, np. studiuje &amp;ndash; dziecko będzie mądre.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Farbowanie włos&amp;oacute;w w ciąży jest zaka&amp;shy;zane, ponieważ dziecko urodzi się rude.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nie wolno przechodzić pod rozsta&amp;shy;wioną drabiną, rozwieszonymi sznurami, bo dziecko owinie się pępowiną. Z tego samego powodu ciężarna nie powinna nosić na szyi wisiork&amp;oacute;w, łańcuszk&amp;oacute;w, korali.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nie wolno spoglądać przez wizjer w drzwiach, ponieważ dziecko będzie miało zeza.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Jeśli ciężarna cierpi na zgagę, oznacza to, że dziecku rosną włosy.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ciężarna nie powinna dzielić się jedze&amp;shy;niem, ponieważ po porodzie może mieć zbyt mało pokarmu w piersiach.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Jeśli kobieta ma mdłości wieczorem to urodzi chłopca, jeżeli ma mdłości z rana &amp;ndash; to będzie dziewczynka.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Jeśli brzuch jest wysoko urodzi się chłopak, jeśli nisko &amp;ndash; dziewczynka.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Jeśli u ciężarnej pojawiły się piegi &amp;ndash; urodzi dziewczynkę.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Jeśli kobieta w ciąży zyskuje na urodzie, z całą pewnością urodzi chłopca. Z kolei dziewczynka odbiera urodę przy&amp;shy;szłej mamie.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Apetyt na słodkie potrawy wr&amp;oacute;ży uro&amp;shy;dzenie dziewczynki, a na kwaśne i ostre - chłopca.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dotknięcie brzucha ciężarnej kobiety przynosi szczęście.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ślub&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ślub jest jednym z obrzęd&amp;oacute;w w ciągu życia człowieka. Ten rytuał ma na celu sfor&amp;shy;malizowanie relacji małżonk&amp;oacute;w, poprzez założenie rodziny opartej na miłości i zro&amp;shy;zumieniu.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W Rumunii do niedawna było kilka przedślubnych zwyczaj&amp;oacute;w. Jednym z nich były zabiegania o względy, kt&amp;oacute;re składały się r&amp;oacute;wnież z dyskusji prowadzonej przez rodzi&amp;shy;c&amp;oacute;w dziewczyny z chłopcem, kt&amp;oacute;ry chciał ją poślubić. Często w tej dyskusji wspierali go rodzice. Po rozmowie, w czasie kt&amp;oacute;rej decy&amp;shy;dowano o np. o dacie ślubu itp., odbywało się przyjęcie lub uroczystość dwojga ludzi, kt&amp;oacute;rzy postanowili zjednoczyć swoje dusze.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nie tak dawno temu, w Rumunii, przed każdym ślubem, rodzice przygotowywali posag dla dziewczyny i dla chłopca. Posag ujawniał status społeczny rodziny.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Zawartość posagu r&amp;oacute;żniła się. Na posag dziewcząt zwykle składały się zwierzęta (krowy, owce, świnie, dr&amp;oacute;b itp.), kilka dzia&amp;shy;łek, pieniądze, worki z ziarnem i tkaniny. Chłopiec musiał mieć dom, ziemię, w&amp;oacute;z z bydłem, zwierzęta i pieniądze.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Kilkadziesiąt lat temu wesela odbywały się tylko w niedzielę i często trwały dwa lub trzy dni. W dzisiejszych czasach wesela od&amp;shy;bywają się w soboty.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wieczorem przed ślubem, przyjaciele młodej pary zdobią sześć jodeł girlandami z papieru, dzwonkami i tr&amp;oacute;jkolorowymi wstążkami. Idą do dom&amp;oacute;w: panny młodej, pana młodego i chrzestnych, gdzie zosta&amp;shy;wiają dwie jodły przed bramą lub przy drzwiach. Młodzi ludzie świętują w każdym z tych dom&amp;oacute;w, zapowiadając w ten spos&amp;oacute;b, że odbędzie się ślub. Jodły pozostają przed domami, aż zaczną więdnąć. Jodła jest sym&amp;shy;bolem młodości i wigoru, a ich zdobienie symbolizuje bogate życie przyszłej rodziny.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Na każdym weselu najważniejszymi oso&amp;shy;bami są nowożeńcy. Wybierają swoich du&amp;shy;chowych rodzic&amp;oacute;w chrzestnych, kt&amp;oacute;rzy będą wspierać ich nową rodzinę poprzez włą&amp;shy;czenie ich do społeczności i będą pomagać im, gdy będą potrzebowali pomocy. Rodzice pana młodego odgrywają ważną rolę w prawidłowym przebiegu ślubu.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Zwyczaj golenia pana młodego odbywa się r&amp;oacute;wnolegle z ubieraniem panny młodej. Bliski przyjaciel pana młodego symbolicznie goli go. Siedząc na krześle, z pieniędzmi pod stopą, pan młody nie powinien pozwolić muzykowi na zabranie pieniędzy. Zwyczaj ten jest symbolem chłopca gotowego do ślubu.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ubieranie panny młodej to inny zwyczaj, w kt&amp;oacute;rym matka chrzestna, z matką i bliską przyjaci&amp;oacute;łką panny młodej, pomagają mło&amp;shy;dej ubrać się, a na koniec tylko matka chrzestna zakłada jej welon i diadem. Od&amp;shy;bywa się to jednocześnie z goleniem pana młodego i symbolizuje przygotowanie dziewczyny do ślubu. W przeszłości, w tym rytuale mogli uczestniczyć krewni i przyja&amp;shy;ciele panny młodej.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Po ubraniu panny młodej, ona i osoby obecne w jej domu będą tańczyć. Z tej oka&amp;shy;zji, matka panny młodej wręcza małe pre&amp;shy;zenty rodzicom chrzestnym, rodzicom pana młodego, a czasem bliskim krewnym.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Matka chrzestna zamawia i płaci za chleb w kształcie węzełka udekorowany r&amp;oacute;żnymi ozdobami, jadalnymi lub nie, r&amp;oacute;żnymi war&amp;shy;koczami i innych formami. Symbolicznie, chleb w kształcie węzełka jest przełamy&amp;shy;wany nad głową panny młodej i serwowany gościom. M&amp;oacute;wi się, że to przyniesie szczę&amp;shy;ście tym, kt&amp;oacute;rzy go jedzą. To zwyczaj jeszcze z czas&amp;oacute;w starożytnego Rzymu.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Następnie goście weselni idą do Urzędu Stanu Cywilnego, gdzie panna młoda i pan młody podpisują dokumenty, po czym stają się mężem i żoną. Po złożeniu podpis&amp;oacute;w, idą do kościoła na mszę ślubną.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W Kościele Prawosławnym uroczystość zaślubin rozpoczyna śpiew Psalmu 127: &quot; Szczęśliwy każdy, kto boi się Pana, kt&amp;oacute;ry chodzi Jego drogami! Bo z pracy rąk swoich będziesz pożywał, będziesz szczęśliwy i do&amp;shy;brze ci będzie. Małżonka twoja jak płodny szczep winny we wnętrzu twojego domu. Synowie twoi jak sadzonki oliwki dokoła twojego stołu. Oto takie błogosławieństwo dla męża, kt&amp;oacute;ry boi się Pana. Niechaj cię Pan błogosławi z Syjonu, oglądaj pomyślność Jeruzalem przez całe swe życie. Oglądaj dzieci twoich syn&amp;oacute;w. Pok&amp;oacute;j nad Izraelem!&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ceremonią zaślubin jest nabożeństwo kościelne, w czasie kt&amp;oacute;rego mężczyzna i ko&amp;shy;bieta są ukoronowani chwałą i czcią, są podnoszeni do rangi kr&amp;oacute;la i kr&amp;oacute;lowej wszystkich stworzeń i stają się dwiema do&amp;shy;skonałymi istotami ludzkimi. Odnosząc się do młodej pary, kapłan prosi Boga: &quot;Zjednocz ich w jedną myśl, ukoronuj w jednym ciele, i daj im owoc łona w postaci dobrych dzieci.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Kapłan podnosi korony i łączy nimi pana młodego i pannę młodą, kt&amp;oacute;rzy wybrali, by zjednoczyć ich dusze w miłości. Dotykając koroną czoła każdego z przyszłych małżon&amp;shy;k&amp;oacute;w, przypomina im imiona, umieszczając korony na ich głowach. Kapłan podkreśla, że na ich głowach umieszczone są korony, po&amp;shy;nieważ to łączy ich ze sobą. Korona i chwała każdego z nich pozostają w miłości istnie&amp;shy;jącej między nimi.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Korona symbolizuje chwałę i cześć. W ten spos&amp;oacute;b para jest uwielbiona przez Boga i innych ludzi. Korona składa się z wierności i miłości między małżonkami, z ofiary siebie dla drugiego człowieka, zakłada przyjęcia obowiązk&amp;oacute;w wymaganych w życiu ro&amp;shy;dzinnym.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Po ukoronowaniu pary, kapłan m&amp;oacute;wi do pana młodego:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Wyr&amp;oacute;żniony by być panem młodym, jak Abraham, pobłogosławiony jak Isaac, płodny jak Jakub, wędruj w pokoju i pracuj w uczciwości wypełniając Boże przyka&amp;shy;zania&quot;. Pierwszy przykład odnosi się do Abrahama, kt&amp;oacute;ry miał silną wiarę w Boga, kt&amp;oacute;ry nie oszczędził nawet swego jedynego syna. Pochwała człowieka jest taka, jak tych wielkich, wiernych i Bogobojnych dusz.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Do panny młodej kapłan m&amp;oacute;wi: &quot;A ty, panno młoda, wyr&amp;oacute;żniona jak Sara, pogodna jak Rebeka, płodna jak Rachela, bądź szczę&amp;shy;śliwa ze swoim mężem i przestrzegaj rozpo&amp;shy;rządzeń, jak B&amp;oacute;g zechciał.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ceremonia kończy się ogłoszeniem pary mężem i żoną.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Po ceremonii goście weselni świętują w restauracji, aż do następnego ranka. Przyję&amp;shy;cie jest pełne radości i wiwat&amp;oacute;w.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Specyficzny dla Rumun&amp;oacute;w jest zwyczaj zwany &quot;kradzieżą panny młodej&quot;. Przyjmuje się, że pan młody powinien patrzeć tylko na swoją małżonkę, ale niekt&amp;oacute;rzy kawalarze ko&amp;shy;rzystają z nieuwagi pana młodego i uprowa&amp;shy;dzają pannę młodą z wesela. Pan młody zo&amp;shy;bowiązany jest do jej poszukiwania lub do jej wykupienia. W niekt&amp;oacute;rych obszarach, po&amp;shy;rywacze mają obowiązek trzymania panny młodej cały czas na rękach. Często pan młody musi wykonać określone zadania, żeby dostarczyć gościom rozrywki.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Innym zwyczajem jest rzucanie bukietu. W tym sensie, panna młoda odwraca się plecami do grupy młodych, niezamężnych dziewcząt i rzuca bukiet. M&amp;oacute;wi się, że dziewczyna, kt&amp;oacute;ra go złapie, wyjdzie za mąż jako pierwsza.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wesele trwa do następnego dnia, kiedy goście weselni zapraszani są na zupę z po&amp;shy;drob&amp;oacute;w.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ze ślubem i przyjęciem weselnym zwią&amp;shy;zanych jest wiele tradycji i przesąd&amp;oacute;w.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Obecnie w Polsce przygotowania do ślubu kościelnego i organizacji przyjęcia we&amp;shy;selnego zaczynają się dużo wcześniej &amp;ndash; nawet 2 lata przed uroczystością. Wszystko musi być dokładnie zaplanowane.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Uroczystości weselne r&amp;oacute;żnią się od siebie w poszczeg&amp;oacute;lnych rejonach Polski. Każdy z przyszłych małżonk&amp;oacute;w przygotowuje się do tego ważnego dnia w swoim domu. Potem pan młody jedzie wraz ze swoją najbliższą rodziną do domu panny młodej.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Przed wyjazdem do kościoła w domu panny młodej zbiera się najbliższa rodzina oraz świadkowie. Rodzice błogosławią parę młodą oraz wkładają im pieniądze do but&amp;oacute;w &amp;ndash; aby nie zabrakło ich na nowej drodze życia.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W niekt&amp;oacute;rych regionach Polski drogę do kościoła parze młodej urozmaicają tzw. &quot;bramy&quot;. Sąsiedzi, wsp&amp;oacute;łpracownicy czy znajomi narzeczonych blokują im drogę. Często jest tak, że samoch&amp;oacute;d z młodą parą może pojechać dalej, kiedy pan młody wykupi się w&amp;oacute;dką.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wiele lat temu do kościoła pierwszy wchodził pan młody w towarzystwie matki i świadk&amp;oacute;w. Pannę młodą do kościoła wpro&amp;shy;wadzał ojciec i oddawał w ręce pana mło&amp;shy;dego. Dzisiaj młodzi wchodzą razem, a świadkowie za nimi.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Kobieta musi być po prawej stronie męż&amp;shy;czyzny. Para młoda czeka zwykle na księdza pod ch&amp;oacute;rem. W kościele składa przysięgę małżeńską i nakłada sobie obrączki.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Kiedy nowożeńcy opuszczają kości&amp;oacute;ł, go&amp;shy;ście zwykle sypią w ich stronę ryżem lub monetami &amp;ndash; co symbolizuje dobrobyt w małżeństwie. Kto zbierze więcej monet będzie rządził w domu. Po mszy zaproszeni goście składają życzenia młodej parze, wrę&amp;shy;czają kwiaty oraz drobne upominki. Ważna jest jednak kolejność życzeń. Najpierw ży&amp;shy;czenia powinni sobie złożyć nowożeńcy, p&amp;oacute;źniej świadkowie, rodzice, dziadkowie, krewni i przyjaciele. Spod kościoła najpierw odjeżdża para młoda, a potem goście.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Po przybyciu do restauracji lub sali we&amp;shy;selnej, państwo młodzi są witani przez ro&amp;shy;dzic&amp;oacute;w według staropolskiego zwyczaju &amp;ndash; chlebem i solą. Matka panny młodej pyta: &amp;bdquo;Co wybierasz: chleb, s&amp;oacute;l czy pana mło&amp;shy;dego?&amp;rdquo;, a ona powinna odpowiedzieć: &amp;bdquo;Chleb, s&amp;oacute;l i pana młodego żeby pracował na niego&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Młodzi muszą r&amp;oacute;wnież wypić kieliszek w&amp;oacute;dki (ewentualnie wody) i rzucić kieliszki za siebie, ważne jest, aby się stłukły. Potem pan młody przenosi swoją wybrankę przez pr&amp;oacute;g i razem wchodzą do sali weselnej.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Przyjęcie zaczyna się od pierwszego toa&amp;shy;stu za zdrowie i szczęście młodej pary. Goście zajmują wybrane przez siebie miej&amp;shy;sca przy stołach, chociaż w ostatnim czasie popularne stały się wizyt&amp;oacute;wki z imieniem i nazwiskiem gościa. Zwykle obok panny młodej siada świadkowa, a obok pana mło&amp;shy;dego świadek. Przyjęcie weselne rozpoczyna uroczysty obiad, a po nim następuje pierw&amp;shy;szy taniec młodej pary. Dopiero po nim do zabawy dołącza się reszta gości. Zabawa ta&amp;shy;neczna przeplatana jest posiłkami, r&amp;oacute;żno&amp;shy;rodnymi toastami, przyśpiewkami oraz kon&amp;shy;kursami organizowanym przez orkiestrę. Przed p&amp;oacute;łnocą goście zabierają młodej parze buty.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O p&amp;oacute;łnocy zaczynają się tzw. &amp;bdquo;oczepiny&amp;rdquo; &amp;ndash; w czasie kt&amp;oacute;rych młoda para siada na środku sali. Oczepinom towarzyszą wesołe przyśpiewki. Pan młody r&amp;oacute;wnież musi wy&amp;shy;kupić buty panny młodej i swojej. W zamian za buty goście otrzymują upominki (najczę&amp;shy;ściej trunki), ale muszą r&amp;oacute;wnież wykonać zadanie &amp;ndash; muszą np. zatańczyć, zaśpiewać itp.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dookoła panny młodej stają wszystkie panny. Ta zamyka oczy i rzuca welon za sie&amp;shy;bie &amp;ndash; kt&amp;oacute;ra dziewczyna go złapie, ta najszyb&amp;shy;ciej wyjdzie za mąż. Podobna sytuacja jest z panem młodym - on rzuca krawat lub mu&amp;shy;chę. Kawaler, kt&amp;oacute;ry złapie ten element ubioru &amp;ndash; wkr&amp;oacute;tce ożeni się. W ten spos&amp;oacute;b na weselu pojawia się &amp;bdquo;nowa para młoda&amp;rdquo;, kt&amp;oacute;ra r&amp;oacute;wnież tańczy sw&amp;oacute;j pierwszy taniec.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Po oczepinach goście wręczają prezenty młodej parze. Potem na salę wjeżdża tort. Młoda para kroi go razem, najpierw częstuje siebie, potem rodzic&amp;oacute;w i innych gości.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Potem panna młoda i pan młody składają podziękowania rodzicom &amp;ndash; dziękują m.in. za trud włożony w ich wychowanie oraz za wszelką pomoc i miłość. Zwykle rodzice do&amp;shy;stają upominki i kwiaty od swoich dzieci oraz tańczą z nimi wsp&amp;oacute;lny taniec.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dalszej części wesela towarzyszą tańce i dobra zabawa. Często na weselu pojawia się też tzw. &amp;bdquo;wiejski st&amp;oacute;ł&amp;rdquo;, na kt&amp;oacute;rym znajdują się: og&amp;oacute;rki kiszone, smalec, wędlina, alkohol domowej roboty oraz chleb wiejski.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Państwo młodzi żegnają wszystkich gości i zapraszają ich na przyjęcie drugiego dnia &amp;ndash; &amp;bdquo;poprawiny&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W Polsce ślub i wesele najczęściej odby&amp;shy;wają się w sobotę, natomiast poprawiny w niedzielę. Z przygotowaniami do ślubu i we&amp;shy;sela oraz z samymi uroczystościami związa&amp;shy;nych jest wiele przesąd&amp;oacute;w, oto kilka z nich.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Miesiąc, w kt&amp;oacute;rym zawarte będzie mał&amp;shy;żeństwo powinien zawierać w nazwie literkę &quot;R&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Str&amp;oacute;j panny młodej powinien zawie&amp;shy;rać: coś nowego, starego, białego, nie&amp;shy;bieskiego, pożyczonego.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Panna młoda powinna kupować suk&amp;shy;nię ślubną wyłącznie w towarzystwie matki lub przyjaci&amp;oacute;łki.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Buty przyszłej panny młodej powinny być &quot;pełne&quot;. Nieosłonięte czubki palc&amp;oacute;w, bądź pięty wr&amp;oacute;żą nieszczęście.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pan młody nie może zobaczyć swojej wybranki ubranej w suknię wcześniej, niż w dzień ślubu.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Para młoda nie powinna przed ślu&amp;shy;bem przymierzać obrączek, wcześniejsze ich zakładanie przynosi pecha.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Deszcz w dniu ślubu uważany jest za przepowiednię urodzaju i bogactwa. Burza z pojawiającą się po niej tęczą symbolizuje szczęście.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Druhna powinna być panną.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W drodze do kościoła w żadnym wy&amp;shy;padku nie wolno zawracać.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W drodze do ołtarza para młoda po&amp;shy;winna uważać, by się nie potknąć - wr&amp;oacute;ży to potknięcia na nowej drodze życia.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nałożenie obrączki na środkowy palec (nawet przez pomyłkę) symbolizuje zdradę.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Czuły pocałunek po przysiędze małżeń&amp;shy;skiej symbolizuje wierność oraz uczciwość w przyszłym życiu.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pierwszą osobą, kt&amp;oacute;ra składa życzenia parze młodej powinien być mężczyzna - najlepiej świadek.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wśr&amp;oacute;d os&amp;oacute;b składających życzenia pa&amp;shy;rze młodej powinna znaleźć się osoba zupełnie obca &amp;ndash; ma to zapewnić szczę&amp;shy;ście w małżeństwie.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kult zmarłych&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W Rumunii, śmierć i zwyczaj poch&amp;oacute;wku ujawniają bardzo starą wizję dotyczącą ko&amp;shy;munikacji między ludźmi żyjącymi, zmarłymi przodkami i naturą. Okazało się, że rumuń&amp;shy;skie tradycje pogrzebowe są starsze niż inne tradycje i zachowały się od czas&amp;oacute;w rzym&amp;shy;skich. W powszechnej opinii, dusza nadal żyje po śmierci. Istnieją zwyczaje, kt&amp;oacute;re uła&amp;shy;twiają zmarłym opuszczenie tego świata i prowadzą duszę do świata zmarłych.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Przekraczanie tego świata odbywa się z woli Boga. Osiąga się to, gdy ksiądz wchodzi do domu zmarłego lub gdy zadzwonią dzwony w kościele. Rozstanie jest łatwiejsze przy zapalonych świecach i dotyczy to wszystkich ludzi, kt&amp;oacute;rzy przybyli, by poże&amp;shy;gnać się ze zmarłym. Istnieje przekonanie, że dusza zmarłego pozostaje w domu, w kt&amp;oacute;rym mieszkał, do 40 dni.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Starsi ludzie czekają na śmierć z rezygna&amp;shy;cją i m&amp;oacute;wią &quot;wszystkich dosięgnie śmierć&quot;. Ci, kt&amp;oacute;rzy byli dręczeni przez nieuleczalne choroby lub ci, kt&amp;oacute;rzy byli bezsilni, modlili się do śmierci, aby nadeszła i by nie byli dłu&amp;shy;żej ciężarem dla innych domownik&amp;oacute;w.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Na wsiach starsi ludzie przygotowywali ubrania, w kt&amp;oacute;rych będą pochowani, zwykle ubrania były starannie spakowane, a starsi ludzie m&amp;oacute;wili swoim bliskim, aby byli w nie przyodziani. Niekt&amp;oacute;rzy nawet przygotowy&amp;shy;wali swoje trumny albo deski potrzebne do ich zrobienia. R&amp;oacute;wnież, starali się uporząd&amp;shy;kować spadek, informowali bliskich o swo&amp;shy;ich życzeniach dotyczących grobu i po&amp;shy;grzebu. Bliscy starali się spełnić ostatnią wolę zmarłego.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ten, kto zbliża się do śmierci, wyznaje swoje grzechy i przyjmuje komunię, a jeśli cierpi przez długi okres czasu, wzywa wszystkich swoich sąsiad&amp;oacute;w, aby przeprosić ich, a oni odpowiadają mu: &quot;B&amp;oacute;g wybacza tobie i nam wszystkim&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Bardzo dobrze znane jest przekonanie, że śmierć może być przewidywana przez niekt&amp;oacute;re znaki pochodzące z natury, tą moc mają zwierzęta i ptaki.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W związku z tym pohukiwanie sowy w pobliżu domu, śpiew kukułczy, ryk krowy, wycie psa może przewidywać śmierć kogoś, kto mieszka w danym domu lub śmierć członka rodziny.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;R&amp;oacute;wnież sny mogą przewidywać śmierć, sny, w kt&amp;oacute;rych:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;twoje zęby wypadają, krwawisz;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;pojawiają się groby, doły, orka, osunię&amp;shy;cia ziemi;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;pojawiają się czarne ubrania, mętne wody, rozpadające się domy, śliwki, dzi&amp;shy;kie zwierzęta;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;konie podchodzą do ciebie;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;pojawiają się czarne winogrona, kt&amp;oacute;re symbolizują śmierć i płacz;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;martwy człowiek m&amp;oacute;wi do ciebie lub dzwoni - to znak deszczu i śmierci.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Kiedy człowiek jest już blisko śmierci, lu&amp;shy;dzie z domu starają się nie krzyczeć, nie ha&amp;shy;łasować, aby nie obudzić go i nie dręczyć kolejny dzień lub dwa. Zapalają nad nim świecę i umieszczają ją w prawej ręce albo w pobliżu głowy tego, kto ma umrzeć.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Przypuszcza się, że ci, kt&amp;oacute;rzy umierają w Wielkanoc lub w Wielkim Tygodniu są zabie&amp;shy;rani bezpośrednio do nieba, bez przejścia przez sąd, ponieważ w tym okresie bramy nieba są otwarte dla chrześcijan.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Po śmierci danej osoby, rodzina w żało&amp;shy;bie zamyka oczy zmarłego i rozpoczyna przygotowania do pogrzebu. Lusterka są przykryte lub odwr&amp;oacute;cone w kierunku ściany, obrazy, opr&amp;oacute;cz ikon, są zdjęte ze ścian, drzwi i okna pozostają zamknięte, a męż&amp;shy;czyźni wchodzą bez nakrycia gł&amp;oacute;w. Kolor czarny jest symbolem pogrzebu.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ludzie są zawiadamiani, że ktoś umarł, przez dzwony dzwoniące trzy razy w ciągu dnia w kościele. Dla dorosłych os&amp;oacute;b dzwonią duże dzwony, małe natomiast, jeżeli osobą zmarłą jest dziecko.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Po tym, jak zmarły jest balsamowany, ubierany jest w jego najlepszy str&amp;oacute;j, a jego obuwie nie jest zawiązywane, aby nie zwią&amp;shy;zywać go z tym światem i by był w stanie przejść do świata zmarłych osiągając siedem stopni. Następnie ciało zmarłego umieszcza się w trumnie z rękami złożonymi na pier&amp;shy;siach, jak do modlitwy. W ręku umieszcza się monetę, aby możliwe było przejście przez stopnie.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Tak długo jak zmarły pozostaje w domu, zabrania się wykonywania innej pracy, niż ta, kt&amp;oacute;ra związana jest z pogrzebem.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Czuwanie trwa zazwyczaj dwa dni, od zmroku do rana. Ci, kt&amp;oacute;rzy przychodzą na czuwanie, wchodząc do domu, patrzą na zmarłego i m&amp;oacute;wią: &quot;Boże, wybacz mu&quot;, a obecni tam ludzie odpowiadają: &quot;Niech B&amp;oacute;g mu wybaczy&quot; czy &quot;Boże świeć nad jego du&amp;shy;szą&quot;. Krewni i przyjaciele, na czele z rodziną, znajdują się blisko trumny. Kobiety lamen&amp;shy;tują i wypowiadają formuły pewnych tek&amp;shy;st&amp;oacute;w lub elementy znane z relacji ze zmar&amp;shy;łym. Kiedy nie będą w stanie płakać, zaczną opowiadać historie o zmarłym.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W trzecim dniu po śmierci, zwykle w go&amp;shy;dzinach popołudniowych, zaczyna się po&amp;shy;grzeb w kościele. Z kościoła brane są: reli&amp;shy;gijne flagi i świeczniki trzymane przez tego, kto idzie wraz z rodziną zmarłego. Do każdej flagi i świecznika dołączane jest pieczywo w kształcie węzła i ręcznie robiony ręcznik.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Po kr&amp;oacute;tkich czynnościach kościelnych w domu, cztery osoby biorą trumnę ze zmar&amp;shy;łym i idą do kościoła. Ci, kt&amp;oacute;rzy zostaną w domu, będą zamiatać podłogę i palić śmieci oraz pościel w ogrodzie. M&amp;oacute;wi się, że kieru&amp;shy;nek dymu pokazuje, gdzie idzie śmierć.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Na podw&amp;oacute;rzu kapłan śpiewa lamentacje, kt&amp;oacute;re kończą kazanie. Na końcu ludzie idą, by złożyć ostatni pocałunek: będą czynić znak krzyża, całować krzyż z ikony, kt&amp;oacute;ra jest umieszczona na piersi zmarłego pozosta&amp;shy;wiając mu pieniądze.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Na ostatniej drodze zmarłego będzie 12 przystank&amp;oacute;w, z domu do kościoła i z kościoła na cmentarz, w czasie kt&amp;oacute;rych kapłan czyta Ewangelię. W niekt&amp;oacute;rych wsiach przystanki są tylko na skrzyżowaniach, przed krzyżami i przed kościołem.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Krzyż i ikona są zabierane z piersi zmar&amp;shy;łego, a trumna jest zamykana, dramatyczny moment, w kt&amp;oacute;rym większość ludzi zaczyna płakać.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pieczywo w kształcie węzła jest dawane z zapalonymi świecami do oświetlenia ścieżki do nieba dla duszy zmarłego, a węzeł w kształcie pieczywa jest po to, aby dusza ła&amp;shy;twiej przeszła przez siedem stopni.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Po zakryciu grobu, ma miejsce oddawa&amp;shy;nie czci zmarłemu. W tym względzie kapłan trzyma rodzaj cienkiego chleba, wraz z tymi, kt&amp;oacute;rzy są obecni na pogrzebie lub trzymają oni kawałek ubrania, kt&amp;oacute;ry został dotknięty owym chlebem i modlą się o przebaczenie dla zmarłego. Po modlitwie całują krzyż, biorą kawałek chleba i zapalają świecę.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Po pogrzebie, krewni i znajomi zmarłego są zapraszani na posiłek, w czasie kt&amp;oacute;rego będą jeść i pić w imię pamięci o zmarłym.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W tradycyjnej wiosce, cały rok charakte&amp;shy;ryzuje zwyczaje odnoszące się do kultu przodk&amp;oacute;w. Tak więc 3 dnia, 9 dnia, w 6 ty&amp;shy;godniu, w 6 miesiącu, i każdego roku, aż do 7 lat od śmierci ukochanej osoby, r&amp;oacute;wnież w soboty, na początku Wielkiego Postu i w pewne święta, ludzie ofiarowują jałmużnę ku pamięci zmarłych.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ten posiłek, podobnie jak inne posiłki z obrzęd&amp;oacute;w przejścia, stanowi moment soli&amp;shy;darności całej społeczności i oznacza zakoń&amp;shy;czenie ceremoniału. Celem tego posiłku jest zjednoczenie w b&amp;oacute;lu odczuwanym w związku ze śmiercią członka społeczności i jest też znakiem kontynuacji życia indywi&amp;shy;dualnego i zbiorowego. To wydaje się być oczywiste, kiedy obserwuje si&amp;euro; przebieg po&amp;shy;siłku. Rozpoczynający się w atmosferze smutku posiłek, zwykle kończy się radością.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W Polsce, w dawnych czasach pogrzeb wyglądał nieco inaczej niż jest teraz.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Aktualnie uroczystościom pogrzebowym towarzyszy msza w kościele czy też kaplicy, następnie przejście z ciałem zmarłego w kondukcie żałobnym na cmentarz oraz po&amp;shy;ch&amp;oacute;wek.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Po pogrzebie najbliższa rodzina spotyka się zawsze na tzw. stypie.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wiele lat temu wierzono w magię sn&amp;oacute;w. Śmierć oznajmiała swoje przyjście w snach. Rodzinie zmarłego albo jemu samemu śnił się złodziej, zęby, mokradła czy dotyk zmarłego.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wierzono, że śmierć krąży dookoła domu przez 3 dni i że jest widziana przez zwie&amp;shy;rzęta. Po śmierci danej osoby dom zamierał - nie wykonywano żadnych czynności do&amp;shy;mowych. Zasłaniano lustra i zatrzymywano zegary. Zwłoki obmywano wodą, a potem ubierano w najlepszą odświętną odzież.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dusza wylatywała z człowieka ustami i przez komin frunęła na sąd.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W dawnych czasach uważano, że dusza wraca i do czasu pogrzebu dokładnie przy&amp;shy;gląda się ciału i całej sytuacji. Osobie zmar&amp;shy;łej zamykano oczy i kładziono na powiekach monety.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Kiedyś ludzie m&amp;oacute;wili, że jeśli chce się zo&amp;shy;baczyć duszę zmarłego, należy spojrzeć przez dziurkę od klucza.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Do czasu pogrzebu trumna stała w domu. Do zmarłego przychodziła rodzina, znajomi oraz wrogowie, kt&amp;oacute;rzy chcieli się z nim pojednać i wybaczyć wszystkie winy. Przy trumnie stawiano świece, aby dusza mogła znaleźć drogę do nieba. Na czuwanie zapraszani byli śpiewacy, kt&amp;oacute;rzy decydowali o tym, jaka modlitwa czy pieśń żałobna ma być zaśpiewana w danym momencie.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pogrzeb odbywał się do 3 dni po śmierci zmarłego. Ważne było pożegnanie ze zmar&amp;shy;łym (tuż przed zamknięciem trumny) obej&amp;shy;mujące pocałunek najczęściej w dłoń lub policzek &amp;ndash; ten obrzęd nie dotyczył jedynie kobiet w ciąży.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Przy wynoszeniu trumny otwierano wszystkie skrzynie i pomieszczenia, aby du&amp;shy;sza zmarłego nie mogła się nigdzie zagnieź&amp;shy;dzić. Przy wynoszeniu trumny stukano nią o pr&amp;oacute;g trzy razy albo opuszczano ją nad pro&amp;shy;giem, a wszystkie ławki i krzesła w domu przewracano.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wracając z pogrzebu należało zachowy&amp;shy;wać się cicho i nie oglądać się za siebie.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
			<link>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/tradycje_i_zwyczaje_zwiazane_z_zyciem_czlowieka/2014-02-25-82</link>
			<category>Polski</category>
			<dc:creator>Ciprian</dc:creator>
			<guid>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/tradycje_i_zwyczaje_zwiazane_z_zyciem_czlowieka/2014-02-25-82</guid>
			<pubDate>Tue, 25 Feb 2014 16:25:07 GMT</pubDate>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>Traditions and customs during life</title>
			<description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Birth and baptism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The first and the most important event in human&amp;rsquo;s life is his own birth. All over the world, birth took a special significance, so people protected the custom in which the family and the entire community take part. There are many traditions that have been lost over time, but there are still traditions and customs that are kept scrupulously.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
			<content:encoded>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Birth and baptism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The first and the most important event in human&amp;rsquo;s life is his own birth. All over the world, birth took a special significance, so people protected the custom in which the family and the entire community take part. There are many traditions that have been lost over time, but there are still traditions and customs that are kept scrupulously.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In Romania, homes without children are considered to be empty. Children were considered to be the spiritual wealth of the family, and social fulfilment of family, newlyweds reached the status of people at their place, only after they become parents.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The pregnant woman and her baby have as protector the Virgin Mary. The person who performed the ritual of birth and baptize was the midwife. Since the midwife was called to help, her word was law for the pregnant woman and her family.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Traditionally pregnant women were stopped from hard work and were advised to wear comfortable clothing and shoes, do not drink alcohol, do not get surprised too much to not give birth to a fearful baby, not to steal flowers or other things because it will remain etched on child&apos;s body, to not hit dogs and cats with legs to not give birth to a hairy child.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;There were prohibitions in terms of food, being recommended not to eat goat and chicken meat to not give birth to child with &quot;goose bumps&quot;, to not eat fish from Ignat (20th December) until Christmas to not give birth to a dead child, to be given food to which the pregnant woman wish in order to not abort, and the first fruit of a tree to be given to a pregnant woman for that tree to be fruitful.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;To have an easy labour, the pregnant woman should not stay in one place, and work to give birth to a child hardworking. Earlier, parents prepare everything the baby needed: clothes, bathing trough, cradle etc.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Until recently, at birth women were assisted by midwives, women skilled in the ordinances of birth. The midwife was sometimes regarded as part of family. Midwives were rewarded with household products like meat, eggs, milk and dairy products, etc. and very rarely with money.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;When women enter in the labour the midwife was called. All family members were waiting in another room or outside and praying for an easy birth.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The midwife was the one who gave first aid to the child: she cut the umbilical cord and made the first bath to child.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Traditionally, in the first water bath for new born it was placed:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Basil: to be attractive, especially if it is a girl&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Milk: to have white and soft skin&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wheat: to be honest&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dill: to be liked like dill in cookery&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Peppermint and chamomile: to grow easily and be healthy&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Poppy knobs: to sleep well&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Hemp seeds: to grow quickly&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Feathers: to be lightweight as them&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Rose petals: to have the beauty of the rose&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Holy water: to be clean and to be protected&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Eggs: to be healthy and fully like the egg, which must remain whole, the mother will put it in the water bath in the next day&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Silver coins: to have a life full of abundance.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After the bath, the midwife takes out the money from the trough, and she goes to throw the water at the roots of an apple or a pear that the new born grows beautiful and healthy as that tree.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;There is the tradition that parents tie a red string or ribbon to the new born, in order to be protected against the evil eye.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After birth, woman is considered to be in the confinement period for six to eight weeks, when priest will make a purging prayer in the church. By then she is not allowed to go to church or to work.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Any person who enters the house has to leave money or gifts for the baby&amp;rsquo;s sleep.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Christian baptism is particularly important for Romanian people, an act without which human existence is inconceivable.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Christian name of the child is determined before birth according to church&amp;rsquo;s saints. If the child got sick, parents used to change his or her name, custom which was lost in time.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the Orthodox Church, baptism is celebrated at 40 days from childbirth. Godparents are those who guarantee child&amp;rsquo;s faith. After baptism the child is entrusted by them to the parents. The godparents are considered spiritual parents of the child.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;During the baptism service, the baby is submerged in the font with water. In this respect, it is recalled Christ&apos;s baptism in Jordan. Water is one of the ways of purification along with fire and earth.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The last act of the baptism consists in offering lighted candle to godfather by the priest who is saying: &quot;Receive the lit candle and keep your baptism righteousness: Respect the commandments of God, that when Lord would come to the wedding, to be able to run to welcome Him, together with all the saints in the heavenly banquet and live forever.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This act is explained by the words of St. Paul: &amp;ldquo;For ye were sometimes darkness, but now are ye light in the Lord: walk as children of light&amp;rdquo; (Eph. V, 8). Baptism ends with the wish of blessing: &quot;Go in peace and Lord shall be with you.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After the baptism a feast takes place in honour of this event, to which are invited the godparents, relatives, neighbours and friends.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The customs related to birth end with the cutting of hair strands and breaking the bread over the child&apos;s head. The custom takes place one year after childbirth. On this day, the child will choose one of the objects placed on a tray that will show the future profession.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The family is the base of society. Today, in Poland a patriarchal model still functions. Fathers decide about the fate of family, they&amp;rsquo;re the most important persons and guiding lights, and their opinion should be respected. Birth of a child hasn&amp;rsquo;t changed over the years. It was always and still will be an important event.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;People come and congratulate new parents. Relatives and friends visit a new family. Many years ago visits often turned into a loud feast, especially if the boy came into the world. Nowadays it&amp;rsquo;s the same - after birth of the child, the new father celebrates this important moment with his colleagues and friends.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Just after birth, parents often clasp to pram or bassinet a red bow to avoid putting the hex on baby. When it comes to choosing a name, many years ago people headed towards the names which appeared in the calendar on the day of birth - it concerned the lower ranks in society.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Little-known names were omitted; parents chose the name of patron whose celebration in calendar was the closest to child&amp;rsquo;s birth. Sometimes a priest gave the name to the child - even against to parents&amp;rsquo; choice.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Gentry rather followed the family tradition, so the son often inherited the name of his father or grandfather.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nowadays people don&amp;rsquo;t pay attention to family traditions. However they give to their children names popular many years ago. In 2013 the most popular names for girls were: Lena, Julia, Zuzanna, Maja, Amelia, Oliwia, Zofia, Antonina.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;When it comes to the names of boys, the most popular were: Jakub, Kacper, Szymon, Filip, Jan, Stanisław.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;An important part connected with the birth is a baptism because of the fact that Poles are a Catholic nation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Generally baptism is done until child&amp;rsquo;s first birthday. In the church there is a special mass, during which the child receives the name. Baptism frees man from original sin, being a condition to receive the rest of sacraments in future.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;During baptism godparents are present. They are usually members of the family or friends. In the past people thought that the child inherits the characteristics from godparents, so they chose them carefully and also people cared about godparents&amp;rsquo; wealth and their social rank.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;There are not so many traditions and customs connected with birth, but there are many superstitions connected with pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;To believe in them or not, everybody should decide. I present a few of them below:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;If a pregnant woman got scared and touched some part of the body such as face, head, hand, the baby will have birthmark in this part.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;You should not refuse the demands of the pregnant woman because you can be eaten by mice.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;If a woman studies during pregnancy, the child will be wise.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Hair dyeing during pregnancy is prohibited because the child will have red hair.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is forbidden to walk under a ladder or ropes because the baby will have umbilical cord around the neck. For the same reason pregnant shouldn&amp;rsquo;t wear necklace or pendant.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Don&amp;rsquo;t look through the peephole in the door because the child will have a cross-eye.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;If pregnant suffers from heartburn, it means that on child&amp;rsquo;s head appears hair.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A pregnant shouldn&amp;rsquo;t share food because after birth she may not have enough milk.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;If a woman has nausea in the evening she will have a boy, if it&amp;rsquo;s in the morning, she will have a girl.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;If the belly is higher pregnant woman will have a boy, if it&amp;rsquo;s lower, she will have a girl.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;If on the face of pregnant woman appeared freckles, she will have a girl.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;If a pregnant woman gains beauty, she will have a boy. The girl takes the beauty of her mother.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The appetite for sweet food bodes birth of a girl, and the appetite for sour and spicy bodes a boy.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The touch pregnant woman&apos;s belly brings good luck.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The wedding &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wedding is one of the rites of passage during people&apos;s lives. This ritual is meant to formalize the couple&apos;s relationship by starting a family based on love and understanding.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In Romania there was until recently some customs before wedding. One was the wooing, which consists in the discussion held by the girl&apos;s parents with the boy who decided to marry her. Often, the boy was accompanied by his parents in this discussion. After this discussion, which set certain parameters for the wedding such as date and other details, it was held a party or a feast of the two who decided to unite their souls.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Not long ago, in Romania, before every wedding, parents established the dowry for the girl and for the boy. The dowry revealed the social status of the family.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Content of dowry was different from case to case. The dowry of girls usually consisted of animals (cow, sheep, pig, poultry, etc.), several parcels of land, money, bags with grain and fabrics. The boy had to have the house, lands, cattle wagon, animals and money.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Decades ago weddings were done only on Sundays and often taking place two or three days. Nowadays weddings take place on Saturdays.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the evening before wedding, young friends of bride and groom adorn six fir trees with paper garlands, bells and tricolour ribbons. They go to the bride, groom and godparents houses, where they will leave two fir trees at the gate or door of the house. Young people celebrate in each of these houses, announcing in this way the wedding that will take place. Fir trees remain in front of houses until they will droop. Fir tree is the symbol of youthfulness and vigour, and adorning it symbolizes abundant life of the future family.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;At any wedding, the most important people are newlyweds. They choose their godparents, spiritual parents who will support the new family by including them in the community and will help them when they will need. Groom&amp;rsquo;s parents have an important role in the proper course of wedding.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The groom&amp;rsquo;s shaving is a custom that takes place in parallel with the bride dressing. A close friend of the groom symbolically shaves him. Sitting on a chair, with money under his foot, the groom should not let the musician to take his money. This custom is the symbol of the boy who is prepared for the wedding.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dressing the bride is another custom in which the godmother with her mother and close friends of the bride, help the bride to get dressed and at the end, only godmother binds her veil and tiara. It takes place simultaneously with the shaving the groom and symbolizes preparation of the girl for the wedding. In the past in this ritual could assist bride&amp;rsquo;s relatives and friends.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After dressing the bride, the bride and people present in bride&amp;rsquo;s house will dance the bride&amp;rsquo;s round dance. With this occasion, bride&amp;rsquo;s mother shares little gifts to godparents, to groom&amp;rsquo;s parents and sometimes to close relatives.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Godmother order and pays for a knot-shaped bread adorned with various ornaments, edible or not, different braids and other forms. Symbolically, the knot-shaped bread is broken over the bride&apos;s head and is given to eat to the guests. It is said that it will bring luck to those who eat from it. The custom is preserved from ancient Rome.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Then wedding guests will go to the Civil Status Office where the bride and groom will sign the papers after which they will become husband and wife. After signing the papers they will go to the church for the wedding mass.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the Orthodox Church the marriage ceremony begins with singing of Psalm 127: &amp;ldquo;Blessed are all they who fear the Lord, who walk on His ways. Thou shalt eat the fruit of thy labours; blessed art thou, and well shall it be with thee. Thy wife shall be as a fruitful vine on the sides of thy house, Thy sons like young olive trees round about thy table. Behold, so shall the man be blessed who fears of Lord. May the Lord send you blessing out of Zion: may you see the good of Jerusalem all the days of your life. May you see your children&apos;s children; peace be upon Israel.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The marriage ceremony is the church service in which man and woman are crowned with glory and honour; they&amp;rsquo;re elevated to the ranks of king and queen of all creatures and becoming two perfect human beings. Referring to the bride and groom, the priest asks God: &quot;Unite them in a single thought, crown them in a single body, and give them the fruit of the womb to acquire good children.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The priest raises the crowns and he is crossing with them the bride and groom who had chosen to unite their souls in love. Touching with each crown the forehead of each one and reminding of both when he places the crowns on groom&amp;rsquo;s head and bride&amp;rsquo;s head. Priest emphasizes that on their heads bride and groom is placed a crown that is also of the other one, each is wearing the crown because they are united with each other. The crown and glory of each stays in the love between them.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The crown symbolizes the glory and honour. In this way, the couple is glorified by God and other people. Crown consists of fidelity and love between them, in the sacrifice of each for the other one, and in assuming the responsibilities required for family life.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After crowning the couple priest says to the groom:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Honoured to be, groom, as Abraham, blessed like Isaac, to reproduce as Jacob, walking in peace and working in righteousness to the commandments of God&quot;. First example given to man is Abraham, the one who had strong belief in God, the father who would not spare even his only son. The praise of men is like of those great souls, faithful and God fearing.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;While to the bride priest says: &quot;And you, bride, honoured to be like Sarah, to be cheerful like Rebekah, to reproduce like Rachel, being cheerful with your husband and keeping the ordinances of the Law, as God deigned.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The ceremony ends with declaring of the couple as husband and wife.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After the ceremony the wedding guests will celebrate in a restaurant until the next morning. The party is one full of joy and good cheer.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Specific to Romanians is the custom called &quot;stealing the bride&quot;. It is assumed that the groom should have eyes only for his bride, but some pranksters will benefit of the lack of groom&amp;rsquo;s attention and they will steal the bride from wedding. The groom is obliged to seek her or to redeem her. In some areas, the kidnappers have the duty to not let the bride stand on her feet; they should take her only in the arms. Often the groom must perform certain tasks for the amusement of the guests.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Another custom is the throwing of the bouquet. In this sense, the bride turns with back to the group of young unmarried girls and throws the bouquet. It&amp;rsquo;s said that the girl who catches will marry first.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wedding continues the next day when wedding guests are invited for giblets soup.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Marriage and wedding are connected with many traditions and superstitions.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nowadays in Poland preparations for church wedding and party begin earlier, even two years before ceremony. Everything must be planned carefully.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wedding ceremonies are different in each region of Poland. Each future spouse prepares for this important day in his or her home. Then the groom goes with his immediate family to the bride&apos;s house.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Before going to church, the immediate family, maid of honour and best man meet in the house of bride. Parents bless the bride and groom and put money into their shoes &amp;ndash; to not run out of money on the new way of life.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In some regions of Poland, the way to the church can be blocked by &amp;ldquo;gates&amp;rdquo;. Neighbours, colleagues or friends of bride and groom block their way. The car with couple can drive away when the groom gives them alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Many years ago the groom entered first to the church with his mother and best man. The bride entered with her father. Nowadays, young people enter together with maid of honour and best man.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Women must stay on the right side of man. Young couple usually waits for a priest under the choir. In the church, they take a marriage vow and exchange wedding rings.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;When newlyweds leave the church, their guests usually sprinkle rice or coins - which symbolize prosperity in marriage. Who (bride or groom) will collect more coins will rule at home.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After mass, the wedding guests wish them all the best, hand flowers and small gifts. The order of wishes is important. Firstly bride and groom exchange wishes, then best man and maid of honour, parents, grandparents, relatives and friends. Just married drive away first, later all guests.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After arrival to the restaurant, the bride and groom are greeted by their parents - according to the old Polish custom - with bread and salt. Mother of the bride asks, &quot;What do you choose: bread, salt or groom?&quot; And bride should answer: &quot;Bread, salt and groom to work for it&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Young people have also to drink a glass of vodka (or water) and throw glasses behind, glasses should get broken. Then the groom carries bride over the threshold and they enter together into the wedding hall.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The party begins with the first toast of health and happiness for the bride and groom. Guests take their seats around tables, nowadays place card are very popular. Maid of honour sits next to the bride and best man &amp;ndash; next to groom.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The party starts from dinner and followed by the first dance of bride and groom. After it other guests join. Dances interchange with meals, various toasts, songs and competitions organized by the band. Before midnight guests steal shoes of bride and groom.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In Polish traditions it&amp;rsquo;s a part &quot;Oczepiny&quot; - during which the couple sits in the middle of the hall. It&amp;rsquo;s with accompaniment of cheerful songs. The groom also has to buyback his shoes and shoes of bride. In exchange for shoes, guests receive gifts (usually alcohol), but they also must do something - for example dance, sing, etc.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Around the bride, in the circle there are all single girls. She closes her eyes and throws a veil behind - a girl who catches it soon will get married. The situation is similar with groom - he throws his tie. The bachelor, who catches soon, will get married. In this way, during wedding appears &quot;new couple&quot;, which has also first dance.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After &quot;Oczepiny&amp;rdquo; guests hand gifts to the bride and groom. Later wedding cake appears in the hall. Just married slice it together, they eat and then serve to their parents and other guests.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Then the bride and groom thank their parents, for all their efforts which parents put into their upbringing, and for all help and love. Parents usually get gifts and flowers from their children and they dance with them.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The rest of the wedding is connected with dances and having fun. On wedding often appears so-called &quot;farmhouse table&quot;, which include pickles, lard, sausage, home-brewed alcohol and farmhouse bread.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The bride and groom say goodbye to all the guests and invite them for the second day - &quot;Poprawiny&quot; (afters).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In Poland, the weddings usually take place on Saturday, while &quot;Poprawiny&quot; on Sunday. With preparations for the wedding and ceremonies are connected some superstitions, here I present some of them.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The month of marriage should contain the letter &quot;R&quot; in its name.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The dress of bride should include: something new, old, white, blue, and borrowed.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The bride should buy a wedding dress only in the company of his mother or friend.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Shoes of future bride should be &quot;complete&quot;. Exposed toes or heels will bring misfortune.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The groom can&amp;rsquo;t see his chosen one dressed in a gown earlier than on the day of wedding.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Couple shouldn&amp;rsquo;t try on their wedding rings before &amp;ndash; it can bring bad luck.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Rain during a wedding day is considered to be a prophecy of abundance and wealth. Thunderstorm with the rainbow after it symbolizes good luck.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Maid of honour should be unmarried.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;On the way to church never turn back.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;On the way to the altar, the bride and groom should be careful to not stumble &amp;ndash; it can bring some problems on the new way of life.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Putting ring on the middle finger (even by mistake) symbolizes betrayal.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sensitive kiss after marriage vow symbolizes faithfulness and honesty in new life.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The first person who wishes couple should be a man - best man.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Among persons making wishes should be one stranger - it will ensure happiness in marriage.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cult of the dead&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In Romania, death and burial customs reveals a very old vision regarding to communication between living people, dead ancestors and nature. It was found that Romanian funeral traditions are older than other traditions, being preserved since Roman times. In popular belief, the soul continues to live after death. There are customs that are meant to ease the dead to leave this world and to guide its soul to the world of the dead.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Crossing beyond in this world is done by the will of God. This is achieved when priest enters in the house of the deceased, or when the bells are rang in the church. Parting is made easier by the lit candles by all people who come to bid farewell from deceased. There is a belief that the deceased&amp;rsquo;s soul stays around the house where he lived up to 40 days.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The old people waited their death with resignation as an act of fate, and they used to say &amp;ldquo;we all owe a death&amp;rdquo;. Those who were tormented by incurable diseases or those who were powerless, were praying to death to come to take them to no longer burden the people of the house.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the village elders were preparing their clothes in which they will be buried, usually clothes carefully stowed and they use to say to the close ones to be clothed with them. Some even made their coffin or they were preparing their boards needed to make it. Also, they were trying to put order in the inheritance, they were saying to close ones their wishes regarding to the tomb and funerals. Close ones struggled to fulfil precisely the last wishes of the deceased.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The one who is approaching to death, confess his sins and he commune, and if he is suffering for a long period, he is calling all of his neighbours to apologize and they say to him: &amp;ldquo;God forgive you and forgive all of us.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Very well-known is the belief that death is predicted by some signs of nature, animals and birds have this power.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In this regard the sing of owl near the house, cuckoo&amp;rsquo;s singing, cow&amp;rsquo;s roaring, dog&amp;rsquo;s howling can predict the death of someone who lives in that house or one of the family&amp;rsquo;s relatives.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Also dreams can predict death, dreams in which:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;your teeth fall, you are bleeding, and feel sorry for them;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;appear graves, pits, ploughing, landfalls;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;appear black clothes, murky waters, crumbling houses, plums, wild animals;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;horses are coming to you;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;appear black grapes, which symbolize death and that you are crying a lot;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;a dead person is talking to you or calling you. It is a sign of rain, and death.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;When a person is about to die people from the house are trying to not shout, to not make noise in order to not wake him up and torment him another day or two. They lit a candle for him and they put it in the right hand or near the head of the one who is about to die.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is believed that those who die on Easter Day or during the Holy Week are received directly to Heaven without passing the judgment, because in this period the gates of Heaven are open to Christians.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After the person died the grieving family closes the dead man&amp;rsquo;s eyes and begins the preparations for death watch and funeral. The mirrors are covered or turned with facing to wall, paintings, except the icons, are taken from the walls, doors and windows are kept closed and men walk with bareheaded. The funeral colour is black.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;People are announced that someone died by the ringing bell three times per day in the church. For an adult people ring the big bells and small one&amp;rsquo;s if the person who died is a child.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After the deceased is embalmed, he is dressed in his best clothes and there are not made nodes for his footwear, to not be tied him to this world and be able to pass in the world of dead through the seven customs. Then the deceased is placed in the coffin with folded hands on his chest as in a prayer. In his hand is put a coin to pay the customs.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As long the deceased is in the house it is forbidden to work nothing else than what is needed for funerals.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The death watch usually lasts two nights from nightfall until morning. Those who come to death watch when they enter in the house and say by looking to deceased: &quot;God forgive him&quot; and people present over there say &quot;Let God forgive him&quot; or &quot;God rest his soul&quot;. Relatives and friends are headed by the family close to coffin. Women wail and utter formulas in known lyrics or improvise from the elements which are familiar from the relation with the deceased. Once they will not be able to cry, they will begin to tell stories about the deceased.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the third day after death, usually in the afternoon, it begins the funeral service in the church. There are brought from church: religious flags and candlesticks carried by the one who got along with the family of the deceased. To each candlestick and religious flag are put knot-shaped breads and one handmade towel.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After a short the church service in the house, four people take out the house the coffin with the deceased and they will go to the church. Those who will remain at home will sweep the floors and they will burn the rubbish and dead bed linen in the garden. It&amp;rsquo;s said that the direction of the smoke shows where death will go&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the yard the priest sings the Lamentations to the deceased, which ends the sermon. At the end people will go to give him the last kiss: they will cross themselves and will kiss the cross from the icon which is placed on the dead man&apos;s chest leaving some money.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;On the last way that the deceased will make from his home to the church and from the church to the cemetery are 12 stops when priest reads the Gospels. In some villages the stops are made only in intersections, crucifixes and in front of church.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The cross and the icon are taken from the dead man&apos;s chest, and the coffin is closed, a dramatic moment in which the most begins to cry. People will begin to bewail the deceased.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After, knot-shaped breads are given with lit candles to illuminate the path of the deceased&amp;rsquo;s soul to heaven and the soul to pass easier through the seven customs.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After the hole is plugged, the remembrance of the deceased takes place. In this regard priest holds the wafer together with those who are present at funeral or they hold a piece of clothes who touch the wafer and they are praying for forgiveness of the deceased. After prayer people kiss the cross and take a piece of wafer and lit a candle.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After the funeral, relatives and friends of the deceased are invited to the memorial meal, where those present will eat and drink in remembrance of the deceased.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the traditional village, the entire year is characterized by the customs regarded to ancestor worship. Thus, in addition to the Orthodox Church services at 3 days, 9 days, 6 weeks, 6 months, a year, and every year until the 7th year since death of the beloved one, are also Saturdays, the beginning of the lent and certain holidays when people offer alms and drinking in the memory of the dead.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This meal, like the other meals of the rites of passage, represents a moment of social solidarity of the entire community and mark the ending of a sequence of the ceremonial. The purpose of this meal is the union of survivors against the pain felt by the death of a community member and the sign of continuing individual and collective life. This seems to be obvious when we observe the course of the meal. Began in an atmosphere of solemn sadness, the meal usually ends with joy.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Many years ago, in Poland, the funeral was a little bit different than it&amp;rsquo;s now.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Currently, there is a funeral mass in the church or chapel, then going with the body of the deceased in the funeral procession to the cemetery and burial.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After funeral, immediate family meet on funeral reception.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Many years ago people believed in the magic of dreams. Death declared its coming into dreams. Family of the deceased or he dreamt about a thief, teeth, swamps or touch the dead person.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It was believed that the death circles around the house for 3 days and it can be seen by the animals. After somebody&amp;rsquo;s death house had frozen &amp;ndash; people didn&amp;rsquo;t do any household activities. Mirrors were covered and clocks were stopped. The corpse was washes with water and then was clothed in the best outfit.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The soul left man through his mouth and later it flew through the chimney to the Last Judgment.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Many years ago people believed that the soul returns and until the day of funeral looks carefully at the body and the whole situation. People closed eyes of deceased person and put coins on eyelids.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;They used to say that if you want to see the soul of the deceased, you should look through the keyhole.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;By the time the funeral coffin stood in the house. Family came to deceased as well as friends and enemies &amp;ndash; all people who wanted to reconcile with him and forgive all blames. Near the coffin were placed candles, because of that the soul could find the way to heaven. For all-night vigil, were invited singers who decided what prayer or dirge will be sung.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The funeral was held after three days since death. It was important to say goodbye to the deceased (just before closing the coffin) by a kiss usually in the hand or cheek - this rite didn&amp;rsquo;t apply to pregnant women.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;When the coffin was putting out, all chests and rooms were opened to not let the soul of deceased nestle somewhere. When the coffin was putting out people knocked it three times in threshold or lowered it over the threshold, and all the desks and chairs in the house were overturned.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Returning from the funeral people had to be quiet and to not look back.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
			<link>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/traditions_and_customs_during_life/2014-02-23-80</link>
			<category>English</category>
			<dc:creator>Ciprian</dc:creator>
			<guid>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/traditions_and_customs_during_life/2014-02-23-80</guid>
			<pubDate>Sun, 23 Feb 2014 16:19:58 GMT</pubDate>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>Tradiții și obiceiuri din ciclul vieții</title>
			<description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nașterea și botezul&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Primul și cel mai important eveniment din viața unui om este nașterea. Acesta a căpătat, pretutindeni &amp;icirc;n lume o semnificație specială, astfel oamenii apăr&amp;acirc;nd obiceiuri la care iau parte at&amp;acirc;t familia c&amp;acirc;t și &amp;icirc;ntreaga comunitate. Există multe tradiții care s-au pierdut de-a lungul timpului, &amp;icirc;nsă există &amp;icirc;n continuare tradiții și obiceiuri ce se păs&amp;shy;trează cu sfințenie.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
			<content:encoded>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nașterea și botezul&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Primul și cel mai important eveniment din viața unui om este nașterea. Acesta a căpătat, pretutindeni &amp;icirc;n lume o semnificație specială, astfel oamenii apăr&amp;acirc;nd obiceiuri la care iau parte at&amp;acirc;t familia c&amp;acirc;t și &amp;icirc;ntreaga comunitate. Există multe tradiții care s-au pierdut de-a lungul timpului, &amp;icirc;nsă există &amp;icirc;n continuare tradiții și obiceiuri ce se păs&amp;shy;trează cu sfințenie.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n Rom&amp;acirc;nia, casele fără copii sunt consi&amp;shy;derate a fi pustii. Copii erau considerați ave&amp;shy;rea sufletească a familiei, dar și o &amp;icirc;mplinire socială a familiei, tinerii căsătoriți atingeau statutul de oameni așezați ca lumea doar după ce aceștia deveneau părinți.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Femeia &amp;icirc;nsărcinată și viitorul prunc au ca protectoare pe Fecioara Maria, iar cea care oficia ritualul nașterii și botezului era moașa. Din momentul &amp;icirc;n care moașa era chemată să ajute, cuv&amp;acirc;ntul acesteia era lege pentru femeia gravida și familia acesteia.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n mod tradițional femeile gravide erau oprite de la muncile grele și erau sfătuite să poarte &amp;icirc;mbrăcăminte şi &amp;icirc;ncălţăminte co&amp;shy;modă, să nu bea alcool, să nu se mire prea mult că va naşte copil fricos, să nu fure flori sau alte lucruri pentru că vor răm&amp;acirc;nea im&amp;shy;primate pe corpul copilului, să nu lovească c&amp;acirc;inii şi pisicile cu piciorul că va naşte copil păros.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Existau interdicții și &amp;icirc;n ceea ce privește m&amp;acirc;ncarea, fiindu-le recomandat să nu măn&amp;acirc;nce carne de capră şi de găină ca să nu nască copii cu &amp;bdquo;pielea de găină&amp;rdquo;, să nu măn&amp;acirc;nce peşte de la Ignat p&amp;acirc;nă la Crăciun ca să nu nască copii morţi, să li se ofere m&amp;acirc;ncarea la care aceasta poftește pentru a nu avorta, iar primele fructe dintr-un pom să fie oferite unei femei gravide pentru ca acel pom să fie roditor.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pentru a avea parte de o sarcină ușoară, femeia nu trebuia să stea &amp;icirc;n loc, și să lucreze ca să dea naștere unui copil harnic. Din timp părinții pregăteau toate cele necesare nou născutului: hăinuţe, copaie de scăldat, leagăn etc.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;P&amp;acirc;nă nu demult, la naștere femeile erau asistate de moașe, femei iscusite &amp;icirc;n r&amp;acirc;ndu&amp;shy;ielile nașterii. Moașa era considerată pe alocuri ca neam, legat de familie. Acestea erau răsplătite cu produse din gospodărie, precum carne, ouă, lapte și produse lactate etc. și foarte rar cu bani.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;C&amp;acirc;nd femeia intra &amp;icirc;n durerile facerii era chemată moaşa. Toţi membrii familiei aș&amp;shy;teptau &amp;icirc;n altă camera sau afară rug&amp;acirc;ndu-se ca naşterea să fie uşoară.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Moaşa era cea care &amp;icirc;i dădea primele &amp;icirc;n&amp;shy;grijiri copilului: &amp;icirc;i tăia buricul şi &amp;icirc;i făcea prima baie.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n apa pentru prima baie a noului născut, &amp;icirc;n mod tradițional se pun &amp;icirc;n aceasta:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Busuioc ca să fie atrăgător copilul, mai ales dacă este fată&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Lapte dulce ca să aibă pielea albă și moale&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Gr&amp;acirc;u să fie cinstit&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mărar să fie plăcut ca mărarul &amp;icirc;n bu&amp;shy;cate&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mentă și mușețel să crească ușor și să fie sănătos&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Măciulii de mac ca să doarmă bine&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Semințe de c&amp;acirc;nepă ca să crească iute&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pene ca să fie ușor ca pana&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Petale de trandafir pentru a avea fru&amp;shy;musețea trandafirului&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Apa sfințită (agheasmă) să fie copilul curat ca aceasta și ferit de rău&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ouă ca să fie sănătos și plin ca oul care trebuie să răm&amp;acirc;nă &amp;icirc;ntreg, mama co&amp;shy;pilului urm&amp;acirc;nd să-l pună &amp;icirc;n apa de baie din a doua zi&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Bani de argint pentru a avea o viața plină de belșug&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După baie, moașa scote banii din copaie, și conform tradiției se duce și aruncă apa la rădăcina unui măr sau păr pentru ca noul născut să crească frumos și sănătos precum pomul respectiv.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Există tradiția ca noului născut să i se lege o ață sau o fundă de culoare roșie, pen&amp;shy;tru ca acesta să fie protejat de deochi.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După naștere, femeia este considerată lăuză timp de șase p&amp;acirc;nă la opt săptăm&amp;acirc;ni, c&amp;acirc;nd i se face o rugăciune de curățire &amp;icirc;n ca&amp;shy;drul bisericii. P&amp;acirc;nă atunci femeia nu avea voie să meargă la biserică sau să lucreze.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Orice străin care intra &amp;icirc;n casă trebuia să lase bani sau cadouri pentru somnul copi&amp;shy;lului.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pentru poporul rom&amp;acirc;n, botezul creștin este deosebit de important, un act fără de care nici nu se poate concepe existența umană.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Numele de botez al copilului era hotăr&amp;acirc;t &amp;icirc;nainte de naștere după sfinții bisericii. &amp;Icirc;n cazul &amp;icirc;n care copilul se &amp;icirc;mbolnăvea, acestuia i se schimba numele, obicei care odată cu timp s-a pierdut.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n Biserica Ortodoxă, botezul se săv&amp;acirc;r&amp;shy;șește la 40 de zile de la nașterea copilului. Nașii sunt cei care garantează credința no&amp;shy;ului născut, după botez copilul fiind &amp;icirc;ncre&amp;shy;dințat de aceștia părințiilor. Astfel, nașii sunt considerați părinții spirituali ai copi&amp;shy;lului.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n timpul slujbei botezului, nou născutul este scufundat &amp;icirc;n cristelnița cu apă. &amp;Icirc;n acest sens, este reamintit botezul lui Iisus Hristos &amp;icirc;n Iordan, apa fiind unul dintre mijloacele de purificare alături de foc și păm&amp;acirc;nt.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ultimul act din cadrul botezului este constituit &amp;icirc;n oferirea de lum&amp;acirc;nări aprinse nașului prin adresarea cuvintelor de către preot: &amp;bdquo;Primește lum&amp;acirc;narea aprinsă și &amp;icirc;n neprihănire păzește botezul tău: Ține po&amp;shy;runcile lui Dumnezeu, ca atunci c&amp;acirc;nd stăp&amp;acirc;&amp;shy;nul va veni la nuntă, să poți alerga &amp;icirc;n &amp;icirc;ntim&amp;shy;pinarea lui, &amp;icirc;mpreună cu toți sfinții, la ospă&amp;shy;țul ceresc și să trăiești &amp;icirc;n vecii vecilor&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Acest act este explicat prin cuvintele Sf&amp;acirc;ntului Apostol Pavel: &amp;bdquo;Altădată erați &amp;icirc;ntuneric, iar acum sunteți lumină &amp;icirc;ntru Domnul; umblați ca fii ai luminii!&amp;rdquo;. (Efes. V, 8). Botezul se &amp;icirc;ncheie cu urarea de binecu&amp;shy;v&amp;acirc;ntare: &amp;bdquo;Mergi &amp;icirc;n pace și Domnul să fie cu tine&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După botez are loc un ospăț &amp;icirc;n cinstea acestui eveniment, la care sunt invitați nașii, rudele, vecinii și prietenii.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Obiceiurile legate de naștere se termină cu tăierea moțului și cu ruperea turtei dea&amp;shy;supra capului copilului, tradiție ce are loc la un an de la nașterea copilului. &amp;Icirc;n această zi, copilul va alege unul din obiectele așezate pe o tavă care &amp;icirc;i vor predestina viitoarea profesie.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Familia este baza societății. Astăzi, &amp;icirc;n Polonia, familia &amp;icirc;ncă funcționează pe mo&amp;shy;delul patriarhal. Tații sunt cei care decid cu privire la soarta familiei, aceștia sunt cele mai importante persoane, ghid&amp;acirc;nd familia, iar opinia lor ar trebui să fie respectată. Nașterea unui copil nu s-a schimbat de-a lungul anilor. Acesta a fost &amp;icirc;ntotdeauna și va răm&amp;acirc;ne un eveniment important.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Oamenii vin și &amp;icirc;i felicită pe noii părinți. Rudele și prietenii vizitează o nouă familie. Cu mulți ani &amp;icirc;n urmă vizitele de multe ori se transformau &amp;icirc;ntr-o sărbătoare zgomotoasă, mai ales &amp;icirc;n cazul &amp;icirc;n care a venit pe lume un băiat.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In zilele noastre e la fel, după nașterea copilului, noul tatăl sărbătorește acest mo&amp;shy;ment important cu colegii și prietenii lui.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Chiar după naștere, părinții de multe ori agățau la cărucior sau pătuț o fundă roșie, pentru a feri copilul de farmece. C&amp;acirc;nd vine vorba de alegerea unui nume, &amp;icirc;n urmă cu mulți ani, oamenii alegeau numele care erau sărbătorite &amp;icirc;n ziua nașterii, viz&amp;acirc;nd ni&amp;shy;velurile joase din societate.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nume puțin cunoscute erau omise, pă&amp;shy;rinții aleg&amp;acirc;nd numele de sfinți al cărui cele&amp;shy;brare &amp;icirc;n calendar era cel mai aproape de nașterea copilului. Uneori, un preot dădea numele copilului, chiar și &amp;icirc;mpotriva voinței părinților.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mica nobilime urma mai degrabă tradiția familiei, adesea fiul moștenind numele ta&amp;shy;tălui sau bunicului său. &amp;Icirc;n zilele noastre oamenii nu acordă atenție tradițiilor de familie.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cu toate acestea părinții le pun copiilor lor nume populare cu mulți ani &amp;icirc;n urmă. &amp;Icirc;n 2013, cele mai populare nume de fete au fost: Lena, Julia, Zuzanna, Maja, Amelia, Oliwia, Zofia, Antonina.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;C&amp;acirc;nd vine vorba de nume de băieți, cele mai populare au fost: Jakub, Kacper, Szymon, Filip, Jan, Stanisław.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Un obicei important legat de naștere, este botezul, din cauza faptului că polonezii sunt o națiune catolică.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n general, botezul are loc p&amp;acirc;nă la &amp;icirc;mpli&amp;shy;nirea unui an a copilului. &amp;Icirc;n biserica se află o slujbă specială, &amp;icirc;n care copilul primește nu&amp;shy;mele. Botezul eliberează omul de păcatul original, fiind o condiție pentru a primi res&amp;shy;tul de taine &amp;icirc;n viitor.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n timpul botezului nașii sunt prezenți. Ei sunt, de obicei, membri ai familiei sau prie&amp;shy;teni. &amp;Icirc;n trecut, oamenii se credea că de la nași copilul moștenește anumite caracteris&amp;shy;tici, așa că aceștia erau aleși cu grijă, țin&amp;acirc;ndu-se cont și de averea și rangul social al nașilor.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n Polonia nu sunt at&amp;acirc;t de multe tradiții și obiceiuri legate de naștere, dar sunt multe superstiții legate de sarcină.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dacă să credem &amp;icirc;n ele sau nu, toată lu&amp;shy;mea ar trebui să decidă. Vă prezint c&amp;acirc;teva dintre ele &amp;icirc;n cele ce urmează:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n cazul &amp;icirc;n care o femeie &amp;icirc;nsărcinată s-a speriat și a atins o anumită parte a cor&amp;shy;pului, cum ar fi fața, capul, m&amp;acirc;na, copilul va avea semn din naștere &amp;icirc;n această parte.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nu ar trebui să refuzi cererile unei fe&amp;shy;mei gravide, deoarece poți fi m&amp;acirc;ncat de șoareci.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dacă o femeie studiază &amp;icirc;n timpul sarci&amp;shy;nii, copilul va fi &amp;icirc;nțelept.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Vopsirea părului &amp;icirc;n timpul sarcinii este interzisă, deoarece copilul va avea părul roșu.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Este interzisă trecerea pe sub o scară sau fr&amp;acirc;nghii, deoarece copilul va avea cordonul ombilical &amp;icirc;n jurul g&amp;acirc;tului. Pentru același motiv gravidele nu ar trebui să poarte colier sau pandantiv.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nu priviți prin vizorul ușii, deoarece copilul va avea un ochi cruciș.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dacă gravida suferă de arsuri gastrice, &amp;icirc;nseamnă că pe capul copilului apare pă&amp;shy;rul.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O gravidă nu ar trebui să &amp;icirc;mpartă ali&amp;shy;mente, deoarece după naștere poate avea insuficient lapte.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dacă gravida are grețuri &amp;icirc;n timpul se&amp;shy;rii va avea un băiat, iar &amp;icirc;n timpul dimineții va avea o fată.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dacă burta este mai mare &amp;icirc;n partea superioară gravida va avea un băiat, dacă e mai mare &amp;icirc;n partea inferioară, va avea o fată.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dacă pe fața gravidei au apărut pis&amp;shy;trui, va naște o fată.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n cazul &amp;icirc;n care o femeie gravidă de&amp;shy;vine mai frumoasă va naște un băiat. Fata ia frumusețea mamei sale.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Apetitul pentru alimente dulce e semn că va da naștere unei fete, iar ape&amp;shy;titul pentru acru și picant e semn că va da naștere unui băiat.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Atingerea burții unei gravide aduce no&amp;shy;roc.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nunta&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nunta reprezintă unul dintre ritualurile de trecere din viața oamenilor. Acest ritual are menirea să oficializeze relația unui cuplu prin &amp;icirc;ntemeierea unei familii bazată pe dra&amp;shy;goste și &amp;icirc;nțelegere.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n Rom&amp;acirc;nia a existat p&amp;acirc;nă nu demult anumite obiceiuri premergătoare nunții. Unul dintre acestea era pețitul, care consta prin discuția purtată de părinții fetei cu bă&amp;shy;iatul care s-a hotăr&amp;acirc;t să se căsătorească cu aceasta. Adesea, băiatul era &amp;icirc;nsoțit de către părinți &amp;icirc;n această discuție. După această discuție care stabilea anumiți parametrii pentru nuntă cum ar fi data și modul de desfășurare al nunții, avea loc o petrecere sau un ospăț &amp;icirc;n cinstea viitorului celor doi care s-au hotăr&amp;acirc;t să &amp;icirc;și unească destinele.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nu demult, &amp;icirc;n Rom&amp;acirc;nia, &amp;icirc;nainte de fie&amp;shy;care nuntă, părinții stabileau zestre at&amp;acirc;t pentru fată, c&amp;acirc;t și pentru băiat. Zestrea oglindea statutul social al familiei.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Conținutul zestrei era diferit de la caz la caz. Pentru fată se dădeau &amp;icirc;n general ani&amp;shy;male (vacă, oi, porc, păsări etc.), mai multe parcele de păm&amp;acirc;nt, saci cu cereale, bani și lada de zestre &amp;icirc;n care erau puse țesături. Băiatul trebuia sa aibă casă, păm&amp;acirc;nt, căruță cu boi, animale și bani.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cu decenii &amp;icirc;n urmă nunțile se făceau numai duminica, țin&amp;acirc;nd adesea două sau trei zile. Astăzi &amp;icirc;n mod obișnuit, nunțile se fac s&amp;acirc;mbăta.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n seara dinaintea nunții tinerii din par&amp;shy;tea mirelui și a miresei &amp;icirc;mpodobesc șase brazi cu ghirlande de h&amp;acirc;rtie, zurgălăi, nă&amp;shy;frame, panglici tricolore. Aceștia se duc pe la casele miresei, mirelui și nașilor, unde vor fi legați c&amp;acirc;te doi brazi &amp;icirc;n poartă sau ușa casei. Tinerii petrec &amp;icirc;n fiecare dintre aceste case, ei vestind &amp;icirc;n acest fel nunta ce va avea loc. Brazii răm&amp;acirc;n &amp;icirc;n fața casei p&amp;acirc;nă ce se vor usca. Bradul este simbolul vigorii şi al tine&amp;shy;reţii; &amp;icirc;mpodobirea lui simbolizează viaţa &amp;bdquo;&amp;icirc;mbelşugată&amp;rdquo; a viitoarei familii.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La orice nuntă, cele mai importante per&amp;shy;soane din alaiul de nuntași sunt mirii. Aceș&amp;shy;tia &amp;icirc;și aleg nașii, părinții sufletești care va sprijini noua familie &amp;icirc;n &amp;icirc;ncadrarea &amp;icirc;n comu&amp;shy;nitate și care &amp;icirc;i vor ajuta atunci c&amp;acirc;nd vor avea nevoie. Părinții mirilor au un rol deo&amp;shy;sebit &amp;icirc;n buna desfășurare a nunții.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Bărbieritul mirelui este un obicei care se desfăşoară &amp;icirc;n paralel cu &amp;icirc;mbrăcatul miresei. Un prieten apropiat al mirelui &amp;icirc;l bărbiereşte &amp;icirc;n mod simbolic. Aşezat pe un scaun, cu bani sub picior, mirele nu trebuie să-l lase pe lăutar să-i ia banii. Bărbieritul mirelui re&amp;shy;prezintă un simbol al pregătirii băiatului pentru nuntă. Obiceiul se pare că avea o semnificaţie ritualică inițiatică, ultima dintr-un lung şir de iniţieri la care era supus băia&amp;shy;tul &amp;icirc;n cursul deveniri sale ca bărbat.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;Icirc;mbrăcatul miresei este un alt obicei &amp;icirc;n care naşa, &amp;icirc;mpreună cu mama miresei şi prietene apropiate ajută mireasa să se &amp;icirc;m&amp;shy;brace, pentru ca la sf&amp;acirc;rşit, naşa singură &amp;icirc;i leagă voalul şi coroniţa. Se desfăşoară &amp;icirc;n acelaşi timp cu bărbieritul mirelui şi simboli&amp;shy;zează pregătirea fetei pentru nuntă. &amp;Icirc;n tre&amp;shy;cut la acest ritual puteau lua parte mai multă lume din partea miresei.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După pregătirea miresei, cei prezenți dansează hora miresei acasă la mireasă, prilej cu care soacra mică &amp;icirc;mparte diferite cadouri naşilor, socrilor şi, uneori, rudelor apropiate.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Naşa comandă şi plăteşte o turtă &amp;icirc;mpo&amp;shy;dobită cu diverse ornamente, comestibile sau nu, diferite &amp;icirc;mpletituri şi alte forme. &amp;Icirc;n mod simbolic, turta este ruptă deasupra ca&amp;shy;pului miresei şi este dată spre consum invi&amp;shy;taţilor. Se spune că aduce noroc celor care măn&amp;acirc;ncă din ea. Obiceiul se păstrează din vremea Romei antice.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Apoi alaiul de nuntași se &amp;icirc;ndreaptă spre Oficiul Stării Civile unde mirele și mireasa vor semna actele &amp;icirc;n urma cărora vor deveni soț și soție. După semnarea actelor va avea loc slujba &amp;icirc;n cadrul bisericii.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n Biserica Ortodoxă, slujba cununiei &amp;icirc;n&amp;shy;cepe cu c&amp;acirc;ntarea Psalmului 127: &amp;bdquo;Fericiți toți cei ce se tem de Domnul, care umblă &amp;icirc;n căile Lui. Rodul muncii m&amp;acirc;inilor tale vei m&amp;acirc;nca. Fericit ești; bine-ți va fi. Femeia ta ca o vie roditoare &amp;icirc;n laturile casei tale; fiii tăi ca niște vlăstare tinere de măslin, &amp;icirc;mpreju&amp;shy;rul mesei tale. Iată, așa se va binecuv&amp;acirc;nta omul, cel ce se teme de Domnul. Te va binecuv&amp;acirc;nta Domnul din Sion și vei vedea bunătățile Ierusalimului &amp;icirc;n toate zilele vieții tale. Și vei vedea pe fiii fiilor tăi. Pace peste Israel.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Taina Cununiei este slujba &amp;icirc;n cadrul căreia omul este &amp;icirc;ncununat cu mărire și cinste,fiind ridicat la rangul de &amp;icirc;mpărat al &amp;icirc;ntregii făpturi și devenind cu adevărat om deplin. Referindu-se la cei doi miri, preotul &amp;icirc;i cere Domnului: &amp;bdquo;Unește-i pe d&amp;acirc;nșii &amp;icirc;ntr-un g&amp;acirc;nd; &amp;icirc;ncununează-i &amp;icirc;ntr-un trup; dăruiește-le lor roada p&amp;acirc;ntecelui, dob&amp;acirc;ndire de prunci buni.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Apoi, preotul ridică coroanele și &amp;icirc;i &amp;icirc;nchină pe cei doi miri ce aleg să &amp;icirc;și unească sufletele din dragoste. Ating&amp;acirc;nd cu fiecare coroană fruntea fiecăruia dintre cei doi și amintind de am&amp;acirc;ndoi la așezarea acesteia pe capul mirelui, respectiv a miresei. Preotul evidențiază faptul că pe capurile lor mirii poartă o coroană care este &amp;icirc;ntr-un fel și a celuilalt, fiecare poartă coroana sa, &amp;icirc;ntruc&amp;acirc;t e unit cu celalalt. &amp;Icirc;n iubirea dintre miri stă coroana și mărirea fiecăruia.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Coroana simbolizează mărirea și cinstea. &amp;Icirc;n acest fel, mirii sunt măriți de Dumnezeu și de ceilalți oameni. Aceasta constă &amp;icirc;n fide&amp;shy;litatea și iubirea dintre cei doi, &amp;icirc;n jertfirea unuia pentru celălalt, și &amp;icirc;n asumarea res&amp;shy;ponsabilităților necesare vieții de familie.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După &amp;icirc;ncununarea celor doi miri preotul le rostește:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Mărit să fii, mire, ca Avraam, binecu&amp;shy;v&amp;acirc;ntat să fii ca Isaac, să te &amp;icirc;nmulțești ca Iacov, umbl&amp;acirc;nd &amp;icirc;n pace și lucr&amp;acirc;nd &amp;icirc;n drep&amp;shy;tate poruncile lui Dumnezeu&amp;rdquo;. Primul model dat bărbatului este Avraam, puternicul &amp;icirc;ntru credința și tatăl care, pentru ascultarea față de Dumnezeu, nu și-ar fi cruțat nici măcar unicul său fiu. Slăvirea bărbaților este ca a acelor mari suflete, credincioase și cu frică de Dumnezeu.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Iar miresei &amp;icirc;i spune următoarele: &amp;bdquo;Și tu, mireasă, mărită să fii ca Sarra, să te vese&amp;shy;lești la Rebeca, să te &amp;icirc;nmulțești ca Rahela, veselindu-te cu bărbatul tău și păzind r&amp;acirc;n&amp;shy;duielile Legii, că așa a binevoit Dumnezeu.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Slujba se &amp;icirc;ncheie cu declararea celor doi ca fiind soț și soție.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După slujbă nuntașii vor petrece &amp;icirc;n cadrul unui restaurant p&amp;acirc;nă a doua zi de dimineață. Petrecerea e una plină de veselie și de voie bună.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Specific rom&amp;acirc;nilor este obiceiul numit &amp;bdquo;furatul miresei&amp;rdquo;. Se presupune că mirele nu trebuie să aibă ochi dec&amp;acirc;t pentru mireasa lui, &amp;icirc;nsă unii glumeţi profită de nea&amp;shy;tenţia mirelui şi fură mireasa. Mirele este dator să o caute sau să o răscumpere. &amp;Icirc;n unele zone, răpitorii au datoria de a nu lăsa mireasa pe jos, ea trebuie purtată numai &amp;icirc;n braţe. De multe ori, spre hazul invitaţilor, mirele este pus să &amp;icirc;ndeplinească anumite sarcini.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Un alt obicei este cel al aruncatului buchetului. &amp;Icirc;n acest sens, mireasa se &amp;icirc;ntoarce cu spatele la grupul de fete tinere, nemăritate, şi aruncă la &amp;icirc;nt&amp;acirc;mplare buche&amp;shy;tul. Fata care-l prinde este cea care se va mărită prima.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nunta continuă și a doua zi, atunci c&amp;acirc;nd nuntașii sunt invitați la ciorba de potroace.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Căsătoria și nunta sunt conectate cu multe tradiții și superstiții.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n prezent, &amp;icirc;n Polonia pregătirile pentru nuntă biserică și petrecere &amp;icirc;ncep devreme, chiar cu doi ani &amp;icirc;nainte de ceremonie. Totul trebuie să fie planificat cu grijă.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ceremoniile de nuntă sunt diferite &amp;icirc;n funcție de fiecare regiune a Poloniei. Fiecare dintre viitorii soți se pregătește pentru această zi &amp;icirc;n propria casă. Apoi, mirele merge cu familia sa la casa miresei.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;nainte de a merge la biserică, familia, domnișoara de onoare și cavalerul de onoare se &amp;icirc;nt&amp;acirc;lnesc &amp;icirc;n casa miresei. Părinții &amp;icirc;i binecuv&amp;acirc;ntează pe mireasă și mire, și pun bani &amp;icirc;n &amp;icirc;ncălțămintea acestora, să nu răm&amp;acirc;nă fără bani &amp;icirc;n noul mod de viață.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n unele regiuni ale Poloniei, &amp;icirc;n drumul spre biserică poate fi blocat de &amp;bdquo;porți&amp;rdquo;. Vecinii, colegii sau prietenii miresei și mirelui blochează drumul lor. Mașina cu cuplu poate pleca mai departe după ce mirele le dă de băut acestora.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cu mulți ani &amp;icirc;n urmă, mirele intra primul &amp;icirc;n biserică &amp;icirc;mpreună cu mama sa și cava&amp;shy;lerul de onoare, iar mireasa intra cu tatăl ei. &amp;Icirc;n zilele noastre, tinerii intră &amp;icirc;mpreună cu domnișoara de onoare și cavalerul de onoare.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Femeile trebuie să răm&amp;acirc;nă pe partea dreaptă a bărbatului. T&amp;acirc;nărul cuplu așteaptă, de obicei, venirea preotului &amp;icirc;n c&amp;acirc;ntatul corului. &amp;Icirc;n biserică, ei &amp;icirc;și spun un jurăm&amp;acirc;nt de căsătorie și schimbă veri&amp;shy;ghetele.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;C&amp;acirc;nd tinerii căsătoriți părăsesc biserica, invitații aruncă cu orez sau monede, sim&amp;shy;bolul prosperității &amp;icirc;n căsnicie. Cine (mireasa sau mirele) va colecta mai multe monede va conduce acasă.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După slujba religioasă, nuntașii le doresc toate cele bune, le oferă flori și mici cadouri. Ordinea urărilor este importantă. &amp;Icirc;n primul r&amp;acirc;nd, mireasa și mirele &amp;icirc;și schimbă urări, apoi cavalerul de onoare și domni&amp;shy;șoara de onoare, părinții, bunicii, rudele și prietenii. Mașina proaspăt căsătoriților pleacă prima, iar alaiul de nuntași după aceștia.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După sosirea la restaurant, mireasa și mirele sunt &amp;icirc;nt&amp;acirc;mpinați de către părinții lor, după obiceiul polonez vechi, cu p&amp;acirc;ine și sare. Mama miresei &amp;icirc;ntreabă, &amp;bdquo;Ce alegi: p&amp;acirc;i&amp;shy;nea, sarea sau mirele?&amp;rdquo; Iar mireasa ar trebui să răspundă: &amp;bdquo;P&amp;acirc;inea, sarea și mirele să lucreze pentru ele&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mirii trebuie să bea un pahar de vodcă sau de apă și să arunce paharele pe spate pentru a le sparge. Apoi, mirele poartă mireasa peste pragul restaurantului și intră &amp;icirc;mpreună &amp;icirc;n sala unde va avea loc petre&amp;shy;cerea cu ocazia nunții.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Petrecerea &amp;icirc;ncepe cu urarea de sănătate și fericire pentru mire și mireasă. Oaspeții se așează la locurile lor &amp;icirc;n jurul mesei, astăzi fiind foarte popular să găsesc numele scris pe o plăcuță. Domnișoara de onoare stă alături de mireasă, iar cavalerul de onoare alături de mire.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Petrecerea &amp;icirc;ncepe cu cina, urmată de primul dans al mirelui cu mireasa, după care alte persoane se alătură. Dansurile variază cu m&amp;acirc;ncatul, diverse urări, c&amp;acirc;ntece și con&amp;shy;cursuri organizate de trupă. &amp;Icirc;nainte de miezul nopții, oaspeții fură pantofii mirelui și miresei.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n tradițiile poloneze este o parte &amp;bdquo;Oczepiny&amp;rdquo;, &amp;icirc;n care cuplul se află &amp;icirc;n mijlocul sălii. Cuplul este acompaniat de c&amp;acirc;ntece vesele. Mirele trebuie să răscumpere pantofii săi și pantofii miresei. &amp;Icirc;n schimbul pantofilor, oaspeții primesc daruri (de obicei, alcool), dar și ei trebuie să facă ceva (de exemplu: să c&amp;acirc;nte, să danseze etc.).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n jurul miresei se adună un cerc al tutu&amp;shy;ror fetelor nemăritate. Mireasa &amp;icirc;nchide ochii și aruncă voalul pe spatele. Fata care &amp;icirc;l va prinde, se va căsători &amp;icirc;n cur&amp;acirc;nd. Situația este similară cu mirele, acesta arunc&amp;acirc;nd cravata. Burlacul care prinde cravata, se vor căsători &amp;icirc;n cur&amp;acirc;nd. &amp;Icirc;n acest fel, &amp;icirc;n timpul nunții apare &amp;bdquo;nou cuplu&amp;rdquo;, care va avea ocazia primului dans &amp;icirc;mpreună.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După &amp;bdquo;Oczepiny&amp;rdquo;, invitații &amp;icirc;nm&amp;acirc;nează cadouri mirelui și miresei. Tortul de nuntă apare mai t&amp;acirc;rziu &amp;icirc;n hol. Mirii taie tortul &amp;icirc;mpreună, ei măn&amp;acirc;ncă prima felie și apoi &amp;icirc;și servesc părinții și pe ceilalți invitați.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Apoi mireasa și mirele le mulțumesc părinților lor pentru toate eforturile depuse &amp;icirc;n creșterea lor, și pentru tot ajutorul și dra&amp;shy;gostea lor. Părinții primesc, de obicei, cado&amp;shy;uri și flori de la copiii lor și dansează cu ei.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Restul nunții este legată de dansuri și voie bună. La nuntă apare de multe ori așa-numita &amp;bdquo;masa fermă&amp;rdquo;, care include castra&amp;shy;veți murați, untură, mezeluri, alcool prepa&amp;shy;rat &amp;icirc;n casă și p&amp;acirc;ine de fermă.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mireasa și mirele &amp;icirc;și la revedere de la toți invitații și &amp;icirc;i invită pentru a doua zi - &amp;bdquo;Poprawiny&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n Polonia, nunțile au loc de obicei s&amp;acirc;m&amp;shy;băta, &amp;icirc;n timp ce &amp;bdquo;Poprawiny&amp;rdquo; duminica.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;De pregătirile pentru nuntă și ceremoni&amp;shy;ile sunt legate unele superstiții, cum ar fi:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Luna &amp;icirc;n care are loc nunta trebui să conțină litera &amp;bdquo;R&amp;rdquo; &amp;icirc;n numele său.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Rochia de mireasa ar trebui să in&amp;shy;cludă: ceva nou, vechi, alb, albastru, &amp;icirc;m&amp;shy;prumutat.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mireasa ar trebui să cumpere o ro&amp;shy;chie de mireasa doar &amp;icirc;n compania mamei sale sau a prietenul ei.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pantofii miresei ar trebui să fie &amp;bdquo;com&amp;shy;pleți&amp;rdquo;. Expunerea degetelor de la picioare sau a călc&amp;acirc;ielor vor aduce ghinion.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mirele nu o poate vedea pe mireasă &amp;icirc;mbrăcată &amp;icirc;n rochie mai devreme dec&amp;acirc;t &amp;icirc;n ziua nunții.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cuplul nu ar trebui să &amp;icirc;ncerce inele de nuntă &amp;icirc;nainte, poate aduce ghinion.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ploaia din timpul nunții este conside&amp;shy;rată a fi o profeție de abundență și bogă&amp;shy;ție. O furtună urmată de un curcubeu simbolizează noroc.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Domnișoara de onoare ar trebui să fie necăsătorită.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n drumul spre biserică nu trebuie se &amp;icirc;ntoarcă.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n drumul spre altar, mireasa și mirele ar trebui să fie atenți să nu se potic&amp;shy;nească, poate aduce unele probleme &amp;icirc;n noul drum al vieții&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Punerea inelului pe degetul mijlociu (chiar și din greșeală) simbolizează trăda&amp;shy;rea.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sărutul sensibil după jurăm&amp;acirc;nt simboli&amp;shy;zează fidelitatea și onestitatea &amp;icirc;n noua viață.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Prima persoană care urează cuplului ar trebui să fie un bărbat, cavalerul de onoare.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Printre persoanele care fac urări ar trebui să fie un străin, va asigura fericirea &amp;icirc;n căsătorie.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cultul morților&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n Rom&amp;acirc;nia, obiceiurile legate de moarte și &amp;icirc;nmorm&amp;acirc;ntare dezvăluie o viziune foarte veche &amp;icirc;n ceea ce privește comunicarea din&amp;shy;tre omul viu, strămoșii morți și natură. S-a constatat că tradițiile funerare rom&amp;acirc;nești sunt mai vechi dec&amp;acirc;t alte obiceiuri, fiind conservate de pe timpul romanilor. &amp;Icirc;n cre&amp;shy;dința populară, sufletul omului continuă să trăiască și după moarte, exist&amp;acirc;nd obiceiuri care au menirea să &amp;icirc;i ușureze despărțirea de lumea aceasta și de a-l călăuzi spre lumea celor morți.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Trecerea &amp;icirc;n lumea de dincolo se reali&amp;shy;zează cu voia lui Dumnezeu. Aceasta se rea&amp;shy;lizează odată cu intrarea preotului &amp;icirc;n casa celui decedat sau atunci c&amp;acirc;nd se trag clopo&amp;shy;tele &amp;icirc;n biserică. Despărțirea este ușurată de lum&amp;acirc;nările aprinse de toți cei care vin să &amp;icirc;și ia rămas bun de la decedat. Există credința că sufletul celui decedat stă &amp;icirc;n preajma casei unde a locuit p&amp;acirc;nă la 40 de zile.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Bătr&amp;acirc;nii așteptau cu resemnare moartea, ca o lege a sorții și spuneau &amp;bdquo;cu o moarte toți suntem datori&amp;rdquo;. Cei care erau chinuiți de boli incurabile și neputincioși se rugau să vină Moartea să &amp;icirc;i ia ca să nu &amp;icirc;i mai &amp;icirc;mpo&amp;shy;văreze pe cei ai casei.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La sat, bătr&amp;acirc;nii &amp;icirc;şi pregăteau din timp hainele cu care urmau să fie &amp;icirc;nmorm&amp;acirc;ntaţi, de obicei haine de sărbătoare, păstrate cu grijă şi le spuneau celor apropiați să fie &amp;icirc;m&amp;shy;brăcaţi cu ele. Unii chiar &amp;icirc;şi făceau sicriu sau &amp;icirc;şi pregăteau sc&amp;acirc;ndurile necesare realizării lui. De asemenea &amp;icirc;ncercau să lase r&amp;acirc;nduială &amp;icirc;n moştenire, spuneau celor apropiaţi dorin&amp;shy;ţele privind morm&amp;acirc;ntul şi &amp;icirc;nmorm&amp;acirc;ntarea. Cei rămaşi &amp;icirc;n viaţă se străduiau să le &amp;icirc;nde&amp;shy;plinească &amp;icirc;ntocmai dorinţele celui decedat.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cel care se apropie de moarte, se spove&amp;shy;deşte şi se &amp;icirc;mpărtăşeşte, iar dacă boleşte multă vreme &amp;icirc;şi cheamă vecinii ca să le ceară iertare iar aceştia răspund &amp;bdquo;Dumnezeu să te ierte şi să ne ierte şi pe noi toţi&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Este arhicunoscută credinţa că moartea este prevestită de anumite semne venite din natură, animalele şi păsările av&amp;acirc;nd această putere.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n acest sens c&amp;acirc;ntatul bufniței aproape de casă, c&amp;acirc;ntatul cucului, răgetul vacii, urle&amp;shy;tul c&amp;acirc;inelui țin să prevestească moartea unei persoane din curte sau dintre rudele acestei familii.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;De asemenea, visele pot prevesti moar&amp;shy;tea, vise &amp;icirc;n care:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;icirc;ţi cad dinţii şi s&amp;acirc;ngerezi şi &amp;icirc;ţi pare rău de ei;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;morminte, gropi, arături, surpări;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;haine negre, ape tulburi, case dăr&amp;acirc;&amp;shy;mate, prune, animale sălbatice;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cai care se &amp;icirc;ndreaptă către tine;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Struguri negri simbolizează at&amp;acirc;t moar&amp;shy;tea, c&amp;acirc;t și faptul ca pl&amp;acirc;ngi mult;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O persoană decedată cu care vorbeşti sau care te cheamă la ea e semn de ploaie, dar şi de moarte.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;C&amp;acirc;nd omul este aproape să moară, cei din casă &amp;icirc;ncearcă să nu strige, să nu facă zgomote ca să nu &amp;icirc;l trezească și să &amp;icirc;l chinuie pentru &amp;icirc;ncă o zi sau două. &amp;Icirc;i aprind o lum&amp;acirc;&amp;shy;nare pe care i-o pun &amp;icirc;n m&amp;acirc;na dreaptă sau l&amp;acirc;ngă cap.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Se crede că cei care mor &amp;icirc;n ziua de Paşti sau &amp;icirc;n Săptăm&amp;acirc;na Mare sunt primiţi direct &amp;icirc;n rai fără să treacă pe la judecata de apoi, pentru că &amp;icirc;n această perioadă porţile raiului sunt deschise pentru creştini.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După ce omul &amp;bdquo;şi-a dat sufletul&amp;rdquo; familia &amp;icirc;ndurerată &amp;icirc;nchide ochii mortului şi &amp;icirc;ncepe pregătirile pentru priveghi și &amp;icirc;nmorm&amp;acirc;ntare. Sunt acoperite sau &amp;icirc;ntoarse oglinzile cu faţa către perete, tablourile, cu excepţia icoa&amp;shy;nelor sunt luate de pe pereţi, uşile şi feres&amp;shy;trele se ţin &amp;icirc;nchise, bărbaţii umblă cu capul descoperit.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Vestea că a murit cineva se realizează prin tragerea clopotelor de trei ori pe zi. Pentru un om matur se trag clopotele mari, iar dacă e copil se trag doar clopotele mici.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După ce decedatul este &amp;icirc;mbălsămat, acesta este &amp;icirc;mbrăcat &amp;icirc;n hainele cele mai bune, iar la &amp;icirc;ncălțăminte nu i se fac noduri pentru a nu fi legat de această lume și pen&amp;shy;tru a putea trece &amp;bdquo;vămile&amp;rdquo;. Apoi decedatul este pus &amp;icirc;n sicriu cu m&amp;acirc;inile &amp;icirc;mpreunate pe piept ca pentru rugăciune. &amp;Icirc;n m&amp;acirc;nă i se pune un ban ca să plătească vămile.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;C&amp;acirc;tă vreme este mortul &amp;icirc;n casă nu se lucrează dec&amp;acirc;t ce e necesar pentru &amp;icirc;nmor&amp;shy;m&amp;acirc;ntare.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Priveghiul ţine &amp;icirc;ndeobşte două nopţi de la lăsarea serii p&amp;acirc;nă dimineața. Cei care vin la priveghi la intrarea &amp;icirc;n casă privesc către mort şi zic &amp;bdquo;Dumnezeu să-l ierte&amp;rdquo; iar cei din casă răspund &amp;bdquo;Să-l ierte Dumnezeu&amp;rdquo; sau &amp;bdquo;Dumnezeu să-l odihnească&amp;rdquo;. Rudele şi prie&amp;shy;tenii sunt conduse de cei ai casei l&amp;acirc;ngă sicriu. Femeile bocesc și rostesc formule &amp;icirc;n versuri cunoscute sau improvizează din elemente care &amp;icirc;i sunt familiare din relația cu cel decedat. După ce nu mai pot pl&amp;acirc;nge &amp;icirc;ncep să povestească despre cel răposat.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n cea de-a treia zi după moarte, de regulă la amiază, &amp;icirc;ncepe slujba de &amp;icirc;nmor&amp;shy;m&amp;acirc;ntare. Se aduc de la biserică: praporii (steaguri bisericești), sfeşnicele purtate de cei cu care s-au &amp;icirc;nţeles cei ai casei. La fie&amp;shy;care prapor şi la sfeşnic se puneau colaci şi c&amp;acirc;te un prosop ţesut la război.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După o scurtă slujbă &amp;icirc;n casă, patru per&amp;shy;soane vor scoate sicriul cu mortul &amp;icirc;n curte și vor porni spre biserică. Cei care răm&amp;acirc;n acasă, mătură casa, iar gunoiul şi aşternutul mortului este dus &amp;icirc;n grădină şi i se dă foc. Direcţia fumului se zice că arată unde se duce moartea.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n curte i se face &amp;bdquo;dezlegarea&amp;rdquo; (prohodul) care se termină cu predica. La sf&amp;acirc;rşit oame&amp;shy;nii merg să-i dea ultima sărutare: &amp;icirc;şi fac cruce şi sărută crucea aflată pe icoana de pe pieptul mortului lăs&amp;acirc;nd c&amp;acirc;ţiva bănuţi, &amp;icirc;n or&amp;shy;dine, &amp;icirc;nt&amp;acirc;i bărbaţii apoi femeile, &amp;icirc;nt&amp;acirc;i cei veniţi mai de departe apoi cei din sat şi rudele apropiate.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pe ultimul drum pe care decedatul &amp;icirc;l par&amp;shy;curge de acasă la biserică și de la biserică la cimitir se fac 12 opriri c&amp;acirc;nd se citeşte c&amp;acirc;te o evanghelie, &amp;icirc;n unele sate se face oprirea numai la intersecţii, la troiţe şi &amp;icirc;n faţa bise&amp;shy;ricii.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Se ia crucea şi icoana de pe pieptul mor&amp;shy;tului, florile şi se &amp;icirc;nchide sicriul, moment dramatic &amp;icirc;n care cei mai mulţi izbucnesc &amp;icirc;n lacrimi. &amp;Icirc;ncepe bocirea mortului.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Apoi, se dau peste sicriu colaci şi lumină: lum&amp;acirc;narea ca să lumineze calea sufletului spre rai iar colacii pentru ca sufletul răpo&amp;shy;satului să treacă mai uşor prin vămi.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După ce groapa a fost astupată are loc pomenirea decedatului. &amp;Icirc;n acest sens preo&amp;shy;tul ţine &amp;icirc;n m&amp;acirc;nă vasul cu prescură şi rudele decedatului sau se ţin de haine şi se roagă pentru iertarea păcatelor celui răposat. După rugăciune sătenii sărută crucea şi iau o bucăţică de prescură şi o lum&amp;acirc;nare.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După &amp;icirc;nmorm&amp;acirc;ntare, rudele și prietenii răposatului sunt invitați la pomană, unde cei prezenți vor m&amp;acirc;nca și bea &amp;icirc;n amintirea celui decedat.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n satul tradiţional &amp;icirc;ntreg cursul anului este caracterizat de obiceiuri &amp;icirc;n legătură cu cultul strămoşilor. Astfel, pe l&amp;acirc;ngă slujbele creştin-ortodoxe de pomenire la 3 zile, 9 zile, 6 săptăm&amp;acirc;ni, 6 luni, un an, și &amp;icirc;n fiecare an p&amp;acirc;nă &amp;icirc;n cel de-al 7-lea an de la moartea persoanei dragi, mai erau s&amp;acirc;mbetele, &amp;icirc;nce&amp;shy;putul posturilor și anumite sărbători c&amp;acirc;nd se dădea de pomană sau de băut &amp;icirc;n memoria celor decedați.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Această masă, ca și toate mesele din ri&amp;shy;turile de trecere, reprezintă un moment al solidarității sociale a &amp;icirc;ntregii comunități și semnul unei &amp;icirc;ncheieri a secvenței din cere&amp;shy;monial. Sensul acestei mese este unirea supraviețuitorilor &amp;icirc;n fața durerii resimțite prin moartea unui membru al comunității și semnul continuării vieții individuale și colec&amp;shy;tive. Acest lucru pare evident c&amp;acirc;nd obser&amp;shy;văm desfășurarea mesei. &amp;Icirc;ncepută &amp;icirc;ntr-o atmosferă de tristețe solemnă, masa se termină de obicei cu veselie.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cu mulți ani &amp;icirc;n urmă, &amp;icirc;n Polonia, &amp;icirc;nmor&amp;shy;m&amp;acirc;ntarea a fost un pic diferită față de cum este astăzi.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n prezent, există o slujbă de &amp;icirc;nmorm&amp;acirc;n&amp;shy;tare &amp;icirc;n biserică sau capelă, apoi merge cu corpul decedatului &amp;icirc;n procesiunea de &amp;icirc;n&amp;shy;morm&amp;acirc;ntare la cimitir, iar apoi &amp;icirc;ngroparea propriu-zisă.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;După &amp;icirc;nmorm&amp;acirc;ntare, familia apropiată se &amp;icirc;nt&amp;acirc;lnește &amp;icirc;n cadrul unei recepții de &amp;icirc;n&amp;shy;morm&amp;acirc;ntare.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cu mulți ani &amp;icirc;n urmă oamenii credeau &amp;icirc;n magia viselor. Moartea &amp;icirc;și făcea cunoscută venirea &amp;icirc;n vise. Familia sau persoana care urma să moară visa despre un hoț, dinți, mlaștini sau că atingea un mort.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Se credea că decedatul umblă &amp;icirc;n jurul ca&amp;shy;sei timp de trei zile și poate fi văzut de către animale. După moartea cuiva casa era &amp;icirc;n&amp;shy;ghețată, oameni neefectu&amp;acirc;nd nicio activi&amp;shy;tate de uz casnic. Oglinzile erau acoperite, iar ceasurile erau oprite. Cadavrul era spălat cu apă și apoi era &amp;icirc;mbrăcat &amp;icirc;n cel mai bun costum.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sufletul părăsea cadavrul prin gura lui și mai t&amp;acirc;rziu zbura prin horn la Judecata de Apoi.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n urmă cu mulți ani oamenii credeau că sufletul se &amp;icirc;ntoarce și p&amp;acirc;nă &amp;icirc;n ziua &amp;icirc;nmor&amp;shy;m&amp;acirc;ntării se uită cu atenție la corp și la &amp;icirc;n&amp;shy;treaga situație. Oamenii &amp;icirc;nchideau ochii persoanei decedate pun&amp;acirc;nd monede pe pleoape.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Oamenii obișnuiau să spună că dacă do&amp;shy;riți să vedeți sufletul celui decedat, ar trebui să te uiți prin gaura cheii.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;n momentul &amp;icirc;n care sicriul stătea &amp;icirc;n casă. Familia venea la decedat, precum și prietenii și dușmanii, toți oameni care au dorit să se &amp;icirc;mpace cu el și să &amp;icirc;l ierte. L&amp;acirc;ngă sicriul erau aprinse lum&amp;acirc;nări pentru ca sufletul să poată găsi calea spre cer. &amp;Icirc;n tim&amp;shy;pul noaptea de veghe, erau invitați c&amp;acirc;ntăreți care decideau ce rugăciuni sau bocete vor fi c&amp;acirc;ntate.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;Icirc;nmorm&amp;acirc;ntarea avea loc la trei zile după moarte. Era important să-ți iei la revedere de la decedat (chiar &amp;icirc;nainte de &amp;icirc;nchiderea sicriului), cu un sărut, de obicei, &amp;icirc;n m&amp;acirc;nă sau de obraz. Acest ritual nu era efectuat de femeile gravide.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;C&amp;acirc;nd sicriul era scos afară din casă, toate piepturile și camere au fost deschise să nu lase sufletul decedatului să se cuibărească undeva. C&amp;acirc;nd sicriul era scos afară oamenii băteau de trei ori &amp;icirc;n prag sau &amp;icirc;l coborau peste pragul, iar toate mesele și scaunele din casă erau răsturnate.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Revenind de la &amp;icirc;nmorm&amp;acirc;ntare, oamenii trebuiau să fie liniștiți și să nu se uite &amp;icirc;napoi.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
			<link>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/traditii_si_obiceiuri_din_ciclul_vietii/2014-02-21-81</link>
			<category>Romana</category>
			<dc:creator>Ciprian</dc:creator>
			<guid>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/traditii_si_obiceiuri_din_ciclul_vietii/2014-02-21-81</guid>
			<pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2014 16:22:02 GMT</pubDate>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>Dzień Babci i Dziadka</title>
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Dzień
Babci i Dziadka to święta obchodzone dla uhonorowania wszystkich babć i
dziadków. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;W związku z tym, że w Rumunii
nie świętujemy Dnia Babci i Dziadka, postanowiłem skupić się na tym, jak te dni
wyglądają w innych krajach.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Dzień
Babci i Dziadka to święta obchodzone dla uhonorowania wszystkich babć i
dziadków. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;W związku z tym, że w Rumunii
nie świętujemy Dnia Babci i Dziadka, postanowiłem skupić się na tym, jak te dni
wyglądają w innych krajach. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W
Bułgarii Dzień Babci (&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;&gt;Babin den)&lt;/span&gt;
świętowano kiedyś 8 stycznia (według kalendarza juliańskiego), według
kalendarza gregoriańskiego święto to przypada 21 stycznia. W Bułgarii
zatwierdzono kalendarz juliański, ale Dzień Babci obchodzony jest 21 stycznia i
wygląda nieco inaczej. Mama dziecka narodzonego w ostatnim roku wraz z nim
odwiedza tego dnia krewnych składając im życzenia zdrowia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W
Ameryce Północnej Narodowy Dzień Dziadków (&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold&quot;&gt;National Grandparents Day&lt;/span&gt;) przypada w pierwszą niedzielę po
Święcie Pracy. Został ogłoszony w 1978 r. przez prezydenta Jimmy’ego Cartera&lt;b&gt;.
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;&gt;Symbolem tego dnia jest
niezapominajka, ten dzień ma też swój hymn znany jako &quot;Piosenka dla Babci
i Dziadka&quot; (A Song For Grandma And Grandpa). W szkołach organizowane są
uroczystości. Dzień ten ma uświadomić dzieciom, jak wiele zawdzięczają swoim
dziadkom. Wnuki są zachęcane do pomocy najstarszym członkom rodziny. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;We Francji Dzień Babci i Dziadka nie ma zbyt
długiej tradycji, od niedawna świętowany jest w pierwszą niedzielę marca. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Z kolei w Japonii Dzień Babci i Dziadka w
ogóle nie funkcjonuje. Jest natomiast inne święto – tzw. Dzień Szacunku Dla
Wieku (Keiro no Hi) – obchodzone 15 września każdego roku. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;We Włoszech Dzień Babci i Dziadka obchodzony
jest 2 października w kościelne święto aniołów stróżów, a w Brazylii 26
kwietnia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W Polsce Dzień Babci obchodzony jest 21
stycznia, a Dzień Dziadka 22 stycznia. Oba święta są jednakowo ważne, zarówno
dla seniorów, jaki i dla ich dzieci i wnucząt. Dzieci przygotowują w szkole
przedstawienia dla swoich dziadków. Wręczają im specjalnie przygotowane laurki,
zanoszą kwiaty czy czekoladki. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Rola
babci i dziadka powinna być pełniona z radością i miłością. To dziadkowie
kształtują poczucie trwałości rodziny, obdarzają wnuków zainteresowaniem i
akceptacją. Deklarują miłość równie silną jak do własnych dzieci. Miłość do
wnuków jest bardziej świadoma, a stosunek do nich łagodniejszy niż do własnych
dzieci.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Babcia i dziadek są ważnymi osobami w życiu
całej rodziny. Przekazują młodszym pokoleniom wzorce zachowań, dbają o ich
edukację. Wszyscy powinniśmy doceniać chwile spędzone z babcią i dziadkiem,
ponieważ są one na wagę złota.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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			<link>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/dzien_babci_i_dziadka/2014-02-13-79</link>
			<category>Polski</category>
			<dc:creator>Ciprian</dc:creator>
			<guid>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/dzien_babci_i_dziadka/2014-02-13-79</guid>
			<pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2014 17:27:23 GMT</pubDate>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>Grandmother’s and Grandfather’s Day</title>
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Grandmother’s and
Grandfather’s Days&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;are celebrated&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;in honor of&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;all the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;grandmothers and grandfathers&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Due to the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;fact that&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;in
Romania&lt;/span&gt; we &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;don’t celebrate&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Grandparents’
Day&lt;/span&gt;, I decided &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to focus&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;on the
way of celebrating those days in different countries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Grandmother’s and
Grandfather’s Days&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;are celebrated&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;in honor of&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;all the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;grandmothers and grandfathers&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Due to the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;fact that&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;in
Romania&lt;/span&gt; we &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;don’t celebrate&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Grandparents’
Day&lt;/span&gt;, I decided &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to focus&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;on the
way of celebrating those days in different countries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;In Bulgaria,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Grandmother&apos;s Day&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;Babin &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;den&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;was&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;celebrated&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;on 8th January&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;(according to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the Julian calendar&lt;/span&gt;), &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;according to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the Gregorian calendar it was&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;on 21st January.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;In Bulgaria,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the Julian calendar&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;was approved&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;but&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Grandma&apos;s Day&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;is
celebrated&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;on 21st January&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and it
looks&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;a bit different.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Mother&lt;/span&gt;
with &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;child&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;born&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;in
the last year&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;goes on&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;that day
and visits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;relatives&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;saying
wishes of good health. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;In North America,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;National&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Grandparents&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Day&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;falls
on&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the first Sunday after&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Labor
Day&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;It was proclaimed&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;in 1978 by&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;president Jimmy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Carter.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;The symbol of that&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;day is the flower called&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;forget-me -not&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;that day&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;has also&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;its own anthem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;known as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;Song &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;for
Grandma&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and Grandpa&lt;/span&gt;&quot;.&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt; Schools&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;organize some festivities.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;That day&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;has to realize children how much&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;they
owe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;their&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;grandparents&lt;/span&gt;. In
that day &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;grandchildren&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;are encouraged to&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;help&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the oldest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;members
of the family&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;In France,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Grandparents Day&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;hasn’t got so long tradition&lt;/span&gt;, recently it’s &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;celebrated&lt;/span&gt;
on &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;first Sunday&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;of March.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;In Japan,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Grandparents Day&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;doesn’t function&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;at all&lt;/span&gt;. However, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;there is&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;another holiday&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;–&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;so&lt;/span&gt;-called Day of &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Respect&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;for the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Age&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;Keiro
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;no Hi&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;–&lt;/span&gt; it’s &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;celebrated
on&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;15th September&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN;mso-fareast-language:PL&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;In Italy, Grandparents Day
is celebrated on 2nd October which is the church feast of the guardian angels,
and in Brazil Grandparents Day is on 26th April. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;In Poland,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Grandmother&apos;s Day&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;is celebrated&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;on 21st January&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Grandfather&apos;s Day&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;on 22nd January.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Both&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;celebrations are&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;equally&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;important for the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;seniors, their
children&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;grandchildren.&lt;/span&gt;
At school &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;children prepare&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;performances
for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;their grandparents&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;They give&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;them self-made greeting cards&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;they
carry&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;flowers or&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chocolates&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Grandma and Grandpa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;are important&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;persons in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;life of&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the
whole family.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;They bequeath behavior patterns to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;younger generations&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;care about their&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;education&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;We should all&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;appreciate the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;time spending with our
grandmother&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;grandfather&lt;/span&gt;
like those moments are at a premium.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
			<link>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/grandmother_s_and_grandfather_s_day/2014-02-10-78</link>
			<category>English</category>
			<dc:creator>Ciprian</dc:creator>
			<guid>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/grandmother_s_and_grandfather_s_day/2014-02-10-78</guid>
			<pubDate>Mon, 10 Feb 2014 17:26:37 GMT</pubDate>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>Ziua bunicii și ziua bunicului</title>
			<description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:RO&quot; lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Ziua bunicii și ziua bunicului sunt sărbătorite în
onoarea tuturor bunicilor. Datorită faptului că în România nu este sărbătorită
Zilele Bunicilor, am decis să mă concentrez pe modul de a celebra aceste zile
în diferite țări.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:RO&quot; lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Ziua bunicii și ziua bunicului sunt sărbătorite în
onoarea tuturor bunicilor. Datorită faptului că în România nu este sărbătorită
Zilele Bunicilor, am decis să mă concentrez pe modul de a celebra aceste zile
în diferite țări.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:RO&quot; lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;În Bulgaria, Ziua bunicii (Babin den) este
sărbătorită pe 8 ianuarie (după calendarul iulian), iar în conformitate cu
calendarul gregorian în data de 21 ianuarie. În Bulgaria, calendarul iulian a
fost aprobat, dar Ziua Bunicii este sărbătorită pe 21 ianuarie și se pare un
pic diferit. Mama cu copilul născut în ultimul an merge în această zi și își
vizitează rudele urându-le multă sănătate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:RO&quot; lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;În America de Nord, Ziua Națională Bunici cade în
prima duminică după Ziua Muncii. Acesta a fost proclamată în 1978 de
președintele Jimmy Carter. Simbolul de acea zi este floarea de nu mă uita, iar
această zi are de asemenea propriul imn cunoscut sub numele de &quot;Cântec
pentru bunica și bunicul&quot;. Școlile organizează anumite festivități. În
acea zi, copiii trebuie să realizeze cât de mult le datorează bunicilor lor. În
acea zi, nepoții sunt încurajați să-i ajute pe membrii bătrâni ai familiei.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:RO&quot; lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;În Franța, Ziua Bunicilor
nu are o tradiție atât de lungă. Recent, este sărbătorită în prima duminică din
luna martie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:RO&quot; lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;În Japonia, Ziua Bunicilor
nu există deloc. Cu toate acestea, există și o altă sărbătoare așa-numită Ziua
Respectului pentru Vârstă (Keiro no Hi), care este sărbătorită pe 15
septembrie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:RO&quot; lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;În Italia, Ziua Bunicilor
este sărbătorită pe 2 octombrie, care este sărbătoarea bisericii îngerilor
păzitori, iar în Brazilia Bunicii Ziua este sărbătorită pe 26 aprilie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:RO&quot; lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;În Polonia, Ziua bunicii
este sărbătorită pe 21 ianuarie, iar Ziua bunicului pe 22 ianuarie. Ambele
sărbători sunt la fel de importante pentru seniori, copiii lor și nepoții. La
școală copii pregătesc spectacole pentru bunicii lor. Ei le dau felicitări realizate
de aceștia, flori sau bomboane de ciocolată.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:RO&quot; lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Bunica și bunicul sunt persoane importante din
viața întregii familii. Ei lăsa moștenire modele de comportament pentru
generațiile mai tinere și se îngrijesc de educația lor. Noi trebuie să apreciem
timpul petrecut cu bunicii noștri, pentru că aceste momente sunt de aur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
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&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;</content:encoded>
			<link>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/ziua_bunicii_si_ziua_bunicului/2014-02-08-77</link>
			<category>Romana</category>
			<dc:creator>Ciprian</dc:creator>
			<guid>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/ziua_bunicii_si_ziua_bunicului/2014-02-08-77</guid>
			<pubDate>Sat, 08 Feb 2014 17:25:49 GMT</pubDate>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>Święto miłości: Walentynki vs Dragobetele</title>
			<description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;
 &lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;
 &lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background:white&quot; lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W życiu ludzi miłość nie
może być niezauważalna i pozostająca bez tradycji odnoszących się do niej.
Miłość oznacza tworzenie, uczucie, które istnieje od początku ludzkości. Bóg
stworzył nas jako dowód Jego miłości i zasadził to wspaniałe uczucie głęboko w
naszych sercach.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
			<content:encoded>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;
 &lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;
 &lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background:white&quot; lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W życiu ludzi miłość nie
może być niezauważalna i pozostająca bez tradycji odnoszących się do niej.
Miłość oznacza tworzenie, uczucie, które istnieje od początku ludzkości. Bóg
stworzył nas jako dowód Jego miłości i zasadził to wspaniałe uczucie głęboko w
naszych sercach.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Najprawdopodobniej najbardziej&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;znanym&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;świętem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;miłości&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; są &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Walentynki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;obchodzone&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;14
lutego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Według&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;
książki &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Helene&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Henderson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Świąteczne symbole i zwyczaje&quot;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;uroczystość&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;św. Walentego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;zastąpiła
w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;469 roku&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;oryginalne&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;rzymskie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;święto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;pogańskie
– Lupercalia,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;które&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;było obchodzone&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;między 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;15
lutego.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Ta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;zmiana nastąpiła&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;z inicjatywy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;papieża&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Gelasiusa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;który
zmienił&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;obchody&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; ze święta &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;pogańskiego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;na&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;chrześcijańskie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;i
dlatego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;ludzie zaczęli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;świętować&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Walentynki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;14
lutego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Chociaż&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Lupercalia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;na
początku&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;był&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;rytuałem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;płodności&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;z
czasem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;przyjęły formę&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;święta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;miłości&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Lupercalia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;rozprzestrzeniły
się&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;w czasie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;rzymskich najazdów&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;na
Europę (Wielka Brytania&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Francja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;itp.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Jedna z&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;legend&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; opisuje &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;św. Walentego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;jako&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;kapłana, który&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;przeciwstawił się zakazowi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;rzymskiego
cesarza&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; dotyczącemu zawierania
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;małżeństw i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;zaręczyn,
poprzez udzielanie ślubów młodym ludziom w tajemnicy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Za
naruszenie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;tego zakazu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; został aresztowany &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;i
stracony&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Inna legenda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;opisuje&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;św.
Walentego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; jako &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;osobę, która&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;pomagała&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;chrześcijanom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;, którzy &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;byli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;prześladowani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W wyniku&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; udzielania &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;tego wsparcia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;został uwięziony&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W areszcie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; nawrócił &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;więźnia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;i jego rodzinę&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;na chrześcijaństwo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;i przywrócił&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;wzrok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; jego &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;niewidomej&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;córce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;, w której &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;się zakochał&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Rano w dniu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;egzekucji&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; św. Walenty &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;wysłał wiadomość&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;pożegnalną&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;podpisaną&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Od &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Twojego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Walentego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Prawda jest taka, że było &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;tak wielu ludzi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;o imieniu Walenty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;, że może &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;być&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; również &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;wiele&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;legend.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Na przykład&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;w
kalendarzu prawosławnym sześć&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;razy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;pojawia się &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;imię męczennika Walenty. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Walentynki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;obchodzone&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;14
lutego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; są &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;paradoksem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;, ponieważ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;żaden z&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;kościołów&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; – &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;katolicki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; czy &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;prawosławny
– nie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;czci św. Walentego tego dnia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Od
1969 roku&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Kościół Katolicki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;postanowił&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;nie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;czcić&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;św.
Walentego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;w dniu 14 lutego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; z powodu małej ilości &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;danych
o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;jego życiu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W ostatnich latach&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Walentynki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;stały
się&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;bardziej&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;komercyjnym świętem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;niż&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;obchodami&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;uroczystości&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;religijnej&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Ze
względu na ten&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;fakt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Walentynki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;wyglądają podobnie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; na całym świecie: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;wszędzie pojawiają się kwiaty,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;romantyczne kolacje&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;, prezenty &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;wszelkiego rodzaju&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;i pary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;trzymając się za ręce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;na
ulicy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; – częściej &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;niż kiedykolwiek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W Polsce i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; w &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Rumunii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;to
święto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;stało się bardziej&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;popularne&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;od
1990r.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;po&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;upadku komunizmu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Przed
1990 r. w Rumunii święto miłości nazywano Dragobetele i było obchodzone 24
lutego. Ma ono starożytne pochodzenie i jest obecne w mitologii rumuńskiej.
Dragobetele był synem &quot;Baba Dochia&quot; i był przystojnym, młodym chłopakiem,
który uwiódł kobietę spotkaną na swojej drodze. W folklorze Dragobetele nazywane
jest także: &quot;Szefem wiosny&quot;, &quot;Szefem lata&quot; lub &quot;Narzeczonym
ptaszka&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W tym dniu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dziewczęta i chłopcy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;spotykali się&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przed kościołem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;udawali
się do lasu&lt;/span&gt;, żeby zebrać&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt; wiosenne kwiaty&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Na&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wzgórzach&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rozpalane był ogniska&lt;/span&gt;, a &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wokół nich&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chłopcy i dziewczęta&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;spędzali czas&lt;/span&gt;
na &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rozmowach&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i tańcach&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;W południe&lt;/span&gt;, dziewczyny zwykle &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;biegły&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;do swoich domów&lt;/span&gt; i były ścigane &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przez&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chłopców&lt;/span&gt;, którzy darzyli je sympatią. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Jeśli&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chłopak&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;był zwinny&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i udało mu się złapać dziewczynę&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;a ona&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;go lubiła&lt;/span&gt; – mogła pocałować go &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;na oczach
wszystkich&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Stąd&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;powiedzenie&lt;/span&gt;:
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;Dragobetele &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;całuje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dziewczyny&lt;/span&gt;&quot;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Ten&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pocałunek&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;symbolizował związek&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;na rok lub&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dłużej&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Dragobetele&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;było
okazją&lt;/span&gt;, aby pokazać wszystkim osobę, którą się kocha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Również&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w
tym dniu&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ludzie musieli&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dbać o&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zwierzęta w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zagrodzie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; o &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ptaki&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Nie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;poświęcali żadnego ze zwierząt w tym dniu, by&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;nie&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zepsuć&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rytuału godowego&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Istnieją pewne&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zwyczaje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;związane&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z tym&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dniem&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Mężczyźni&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;nie
powinni&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;denerwować&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kobiet&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w przeciwnym razie nie wróży to dla nich dobrego roku&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Młodzież&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;uważa, że&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w
tym dniu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;powinno się żartować&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i
jednocześnie szanować&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to święto&lt;/span&gt;, aby pozostawać w
miłości &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przez cały rok&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Ludzie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;nie powinni&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;szyć&lt;/span&gt; czy &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pracować&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;na polu,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ale za słuszne uważane było&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;robienie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;generalnych porządków&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w domu&lt;/span&gt; – co miało zapewnić &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dobrobyt&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w ciągu roku&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Mówi się&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;, że &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w tym dniu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;nie wolno&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;płakać&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;łzy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;mogą przynieść kłopoty&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i smutek&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w kolejnych miesiącach&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ostatnich
latach&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świadomość&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Rumunów&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dotycząca&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;święta&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Dragobete&lt;/span&gt;
znacząco &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wzrosła&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;a wiele osób&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wyrzekło się&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świętowania&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Walentynek&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;14 lutego&lt;/span&gt;, wybierając &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rumuńskie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;święto&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Dragobetele&lt;/span&gt;
przypadające na 24 lutego.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Biorąc pod uwagę&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;, że &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;miłość to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;uczucie, które&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;budowane&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przez
długi okres&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;czasu&lt;/span&gt;, powinno &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;być świętowane&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;każdego dnia&lt;/span&gt;, pokazując&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;w ten sposób &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ukochanej osobie&lt;/span&gt;, ile &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ona&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dla nas znaczy&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Również&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tam&lt;/span&gt;, gdzie &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest miłość&lt;/span&gt; - &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zaufanie&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zrozumienie&lt;/span&gt;,
tolerancja, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;siła&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;do przezwyciężania&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;najtrudniejszych&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przeszkód&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;motywacja&lt;/span&gt;, nadzieja, radość, odprężenie i &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wiele
innych&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;emocji i uczuć&lt;/span&gt;, których doświadczamy &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;na co dzień&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dzięki&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;miłości,&lt;/span&gt;
tworząc odrobinę &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;raju&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;na&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ziemi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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 &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
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 &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PL&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
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 &lt;w:OverrideTableStyleHps/&gt;
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 &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
 &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
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 &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
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 &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
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 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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 UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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			<link>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/swieto_milosci_walentynki_vs_dragobetele/2014-02-05-75</link>
			<category>Polski</category>
			<dc:creator>Ciprian</dc:creator>
			<guid>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/swieto_milosci_walentynki_vs_dragobetele/2014-02-05-75</guid>
			<pubDate>Wed, 05 Feb 2014 17:22:53 GMT</pubDate>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>The Feast of Love: Valentine&apos;s Day vs Dragobetele</title>
			<description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;In people&apos;s lives, love could not be
unnoticed and without traditions regarded to it. Love means creation, a feeling
that exists from the beginning of mankind. God created us as a proof of his
love and He planted deep in our hearts this wonderful feeling.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;In people&apos;s lives, love could not be
unnoticed and without traditions regarded to it. Love means creation, a feeling
that exists from the beginning of mankind. God created us as a proof of his
love and He planted deep in our hearts this wonderful feeling.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Perhaps the most known feast of love
is Valentine’s Day celebrated on 14&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; February.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;According to Helene Henderson’s book
&quot;Holiday Symbols and Customs”, the celebration of Saint Valentine replaced in
469 the original Roman pagan festival, Lupercalia which was celebrated between
13&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; and 15&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; February. This change occurred at the
initiative of Pope Gelasius, who replaced the pagan celebration with the
Christian one, and thus people began to celebrate Valentine&apos;s Day on 14&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;
February.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Although&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Lupercalia&lt;/span&gt;,
in &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the beginning&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;was a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ritual&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;of&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;fertility,&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;over&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;time&lt;/span&gt; it &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;took
them form&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;a feast of love.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Lupercalia&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;was spread&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;through&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the Roman invasions&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;in Europe (&lt;/span&gt;Britain,
France, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;One of the legends of Saint Valentine
describes him as a priest who defied the Roman emperor ban on marriages and
engagements by marring young people in secret. For violation of this ban, he
was arrested and executed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Another legend describes Saint
Valentine as a person who has helped some Christians who were persecuted. As a
result of this support, he was imprisoned. While in custody, he converted a
prisoner and his family to Christianity and he restored sight of prisoner’s
blind daughter, with whom he fell in love. In the morning of his execution,
Valentine sent a farewell message signed &quot;From Your Valentine.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;The truth is that there were so many
people with the name of Valentine that there may be a lot of legends. For
example in the Orthodox calendar appear six times martyrs named Valentine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Valentine’s Day, celebrated on 14&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;
February is a paradox because none of the Catholic or Orthodox churches
celebrate Saint Valentine on this day. Since 1969, the Catholic Church decided
to no longer celebrate Saint Valentine on February 14 because of the few data
about his life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;In recent years Valentine’s Day has
become more a commercial&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;celebration
than a religious celebration. Because of this fact, Valentine’s Day looks
similar everywhere around the world: flowers everywhere, romantic dinners,
gifts of all kinds and couples holding their hands on the street more than
ever.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;In Poland and in Romania, this feast
has become &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;increasingly&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;popular&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;since 1990&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;after the fall&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;of communism.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Before 1990, in Romania the feast of
love was called Dragobetele and it was celebrated on 24&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; February.
The feast has ancient origin, being present in the Romanian mythology. Dragobetele
was the son of &quot;Baba Dochia” and he was handsome young boy who seduced women he
had met in his way. In folklore, Dragobetele is called also: &quot;The Head of Spring&quot;,
&quot; The Head of Summer&quot; or &quot;Bird’s fianc&amp;eacute;&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;On this day, girls and boys met in
front of church and went to the forest to pick spring flowers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;On the village’s hills were lit
fires and around them boys and girls spent their time talking and dancing. At
noon, girls ran to their homes, being pursued by boys who like them. If the boy
was swift and caught the girl, and she liked him, she kissed him in front of
all. Hence the saying: &quot;Dragobetele kisses the girls!”. This kiss symbolized
the engagement of the couple for a year or more. This feast was an opportunity
to show the person whom you love to the community.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Also on this day, people had to take
care of animals in the yard and the birds of the air. They didn’t sacrifice
animals to not spoil the animal’s mating ritual.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;There are some customs regarding to
this day. The men were not supposed to annoy women, because otherwise the will
not have a good year. Youth believed that on this day they should joke and
respect this feast in order to be in love all year. People may not sew and work
the field, but it was good to do general cleaning in the house in order to have
prosperity during the year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;It is said that on this day it is
not allowed to cry, tears during this day will bring trouble and sorrow in the
following months.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;In the last years, the awareness of
Romanians regarding the feast of Dragobete has grown increasingly, and many
people renounced to celebrate Valentine&apos;s Day on 14&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; February,
choosing to revive Romanian feast - Dragobetele on 24&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; February.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Considering that&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:EN&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;love is a feeling&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;that&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;is built&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;during a&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;long period of time&lt;/span&gt;, it should be &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;celebrated
every&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;day&lt;/span&gt; by &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;showing to the
beloved how much&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;he or she means&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to
you.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Also&lt;/span&gt;, where &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;is love&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;there is trust&lt;/span&gt;, understanding, tolerance, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;strength&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to overcome&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the toughest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;obstacles&lt;/span&gt;, motivation, hope, happiness, relaxation &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and many&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;other emotions&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and feelings&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;that we experience&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;every day&lt;/span&gt; by &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;loving&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;while
we are creating&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;a corner&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;of
paradise on this Earth.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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			<link>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/the_feast_of_love_valentine_39_s_day_vs_dragobetele/2014-02-04-76</link>
			<category>English</category>
			<dc:creator>Ciprian</dc:creator>
			<guid>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/the_feast_of_love_valentine_39_s_day_vs_dragobetele/2014-02-04-76</guid>
			<pubDate>Tue, 04 Feb 2014 17:24:06 GMT</pubDate>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>Ziua îndrăgostiților (Sfântul Valentin vs  Dragobetele)</title>
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;În viața oamenilor
nu putea ca tocmai dragostea să treacă neobservată și să nu existe tradiții în
acest sens. Dragostea înseamnă creație, un sentiment care a existat încă de la
începutul omenirii, Dumnezeu creându-ne din dragoste și sădind în adâncul
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;În
viața oamenilor nu putea ca tocmai dragostea să treacă neobservată și să nu
existe tradiții în acest sens. Dragostea înseamnă creație, un sentiment care a
existat încă de la începutul omenirii, Dumnezeu creându-ne din dragoste și
sădind în adâncul inimilor noastre iubire.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Poate
că cea mai cunoscută sărbătoare în acest sens o reprezintă Sfântul Valentin,
sărbătorit în data de 14 februarie. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Conform
Helene Henderson în cartea Simboluri și tradiții de sărbători, celebrarea
Sfântului Valentin a înlocuit în anul 469 sărbătoarea păgână cu origine Romană,
Lupercalia, sărbătorită între 13 și 15 februarie. Această schimbare a survenit
din inițiativa papei Ghelasie, care a înlocuit fondul păgân al sărbătorii cu
cel creștin, și în acest fel oamenii au început să sărbătorească Sfântul
Valentin în data de 14 februarie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Deși
Lupercalia, la început a reprezentat un ritual al fertilității, de-a lungul
timpului a luat forma unei sărbători a iubirii. Lupercalia a fost răspândită
datorită invaziilor romane în Europa (Britania, Franța, etc).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Una
dintre legendele Sfântului&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Valentine îl
descrie ca fiind un preot care a sfidat interdicția împăratului roman privind
căsătoriile și angajamentele, căsătorintu-i pe tineri în secret. Pentru
încălcarea acestei interdicții, acesta a fost arestat și executat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;O
altă legendă îl descrie pe Sf. Valentin ca fiind o persoană care a ajutat niște
creștini care erau persecutați. Ca urmare a acestui ajutor, acesta a fost
încarcerat. În timpul încarcerării, acesta a convertit un pușcăriaș și familia
acestuia&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;la creștinism și i-a redat
vederea fiicei pușcăriașului, de care s-a îndrăgostit. În dimineața execuției
sale, Sf. Valentin i-a trimis un mesaj de rămas bun semnat „De la Valentinul tău.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Adevărul
e că au existat atât de multe persoane cu numele de Valentin încât pot exista o
sumedenie de legende. Numai in calendarul ortodox apar de șase ori mucenici cu
numele de Valentin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Sărbătoarea
de Sfântul Valentin în data de 14 februarie reprezintă un paradox&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pentru ca niciuna dintre bisericile catolică
și ortodoxă nu sărbătorește acest sfânt în această zi. Din anul 1969, Biserica
Catolică a decis să nu-l mai sărbătorească pe Sfântul Valentin în data de 14 februarie
din cauza puținelor date despre viața acestuia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;În
ultimii ani sărbătoarea a devenit mai mult o celebrare comercială decât una
religioasă. În urma acestui considerent mai peste tot în lume această zi arată
asemănător: buchete de flori pretutindeni, cine romantice, cadouri de tot felul
și cupluri care se țin de mână pe stradă mai mult ca niciodată.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;În
Polonia, dar și în România această sărbătoare a devenit din ce în ce mai
populară începând cu anul 1990 după căderea comunismului.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Înainte
de 1990, în România se sărbătorea Dragobetele în data de 24 februarie.
Sărbătoarea are origini străvechi, provenind din mitologia românească. Astfel,
Dragobetele este fiul babei Dochi, un tânăr chipeș și iubăreț, care seducea
femeile care îi ieșeau în cale. Dragobetele mai poartă în popor și denumirea de
„Cap de primăvară”, „Cap de vară” sau „logodnicul pasărilor”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;În
această zi de sărbătoare , fetele și băieții se întâlneau în fața bisericii și
plecau să culeagă flori de primăvară în pădure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Pe
dealurile din sat se aprindeau focuri, iar în jurul lor fetele și băieții își
petreceau timpul vorbind și petrecând. La ora prânzului, fetele se întorceau la
casele lor alergând, obicei numit zburătorit, fiind urmărite de câte un băiat
care îi căzuse dragă. În cazul în care băiatul era iute de picior și o ajunge,
iar fata îl plăcea, îl săruta în văzul tuturor. De aici și zicala: Dragobetele
sărută fetele! Acest sărut simboliza logodna celor doi pentru un an sau chiar
mai mult, fiind un prilej pentru afișarea dragostei în fața comunității.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Tot
în această zi, oamenii trebuiau să aibă grijă de animalele din ogradă și de
păsările cerului. Nu sacrificau animale pentru a nu strica rostul
împerecherilor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Existau
o serie de obiceiuri în această zi. Astfel, bărbații nu trebuiau să le supere
pe femei, pentru că în caz contrat nu le va merge bine pe durata întregului an.
Tinerii considerau că în această zi trebuie să glumească și să respecte această
sărbătoare pentru a fi îndrăgostiți tot anul. În această zi, nu se coase și se
lucrează la câmp și se face curățenie generală în casă, pentru ca tot anul să
fie cu spor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Se
spune că în această nu ai voie să plângi, lacrimile care curg în această zi
sunt aducătoare de necazuri și supărări în lunile următoare.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;În
ultima perioadă, gradul de conștientizare al românilor în legătură cu sărbătoarea
de Dragobete a crescut, iar din ce în ce mai mulți au renunțat la sărbătorirea
Sfântului Valentin în ziua de 14 februarie, alegând să reînvie sărbătoarea
românească, Dragobetele.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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clădește intr-o perioadă lungă de timp, aceasta trebuie sărbătorită în fiecare
zi, arătându-i persoanei iubite cât de mult înseamnă aceasta pentru noi. De
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			<link>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/ziua_indragostitilor_sfantul_valentin_vs_dragobetele/2014-02-03-74</link>
			<category>Romana</category>
			<dc:creator>Ciprian</dc:creator>
			<guid>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/ziua_indragostitilor_sfantul_valentin_vs_dragobetele/2014-02-03-74</guid>
			<pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 2014 12:33:23 GMT</pubDate>
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			<title>Tradycje zimowe</title>
			<description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;
 &lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;
 &lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Zima to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;okres&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w ciągu roku, kiedy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przyroda&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zdaje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;się spać&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Jednakże&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycje i zwyczaje&lt;/span&gt; z nią związane &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;są
liczne i&lt;/span&gt; bardzo &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;różne&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Niestety&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wiele
tradycji&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zachowuje się w coraz mniejszym stopniu&lt;/span&gt;,
będąc &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jednym z&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;efektów&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;globalizacji&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
			<content:encoded>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;
 &lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;
 &lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Zima to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;okres&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w ciągu roku, kiedy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przyroda&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zdaje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;się spać&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Jednakże&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycje i zwyczaje&lt;/span&gt; z nią związane &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;są
liczne i&lt;/span&gt; bardzo &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;różne&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Niestety&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wiele
tradycji&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zachowuje się w coraz mniejszym stopniu&lt;/span&gt;,
będąc &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jednym z&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;efektów&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;globalizacji&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Mieszkałem w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Polsce&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w czasie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zimy&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i mogę powiedzieć,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;że&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zimowe&lt;/span&gt;, z wyjątkiem &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Świąt Bożego Narodzenia,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;prawie nie istnieją w
Łodzi i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w Gminie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Nowosolna&lt;/span&gt;.
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;To smutne, że o&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;części&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;polskiej kultury&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;można usłyszeć&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tylko od dziadków&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;lub przeczytać&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w niektórych&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;książkach&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Ale&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;bez względu na to&lt;/span&gt;, jak dużą &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;masz wyobraźnię&lt;/span&gt;, nie możesz &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;poczuć&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i uzmysłowić sobie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wszystkich aspektów tych&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycji&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Jedyne
co pozostaje, to sprawdzić w internecie i mam nadzieję, że znalazłem
wystarczająco dużo informacji na temat tradycji tego okresu, tradycji, które
nie tak dawno można było zobaczyć na własne oczy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Najbardziej
znana tradycja to kulig. Sięga ona jeszcze czasów szlacheckich.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Kulig&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;był&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;bardzo popularną&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przejażdżką saniami&lt;/span&gt;,
w czasie której &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;uczestnicy udawali się&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;od
domu do domu&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Po przyjeździe do tych domów dobrze się
bawili przeplatając tańce obfitymi posiłkami&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Obecnie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycja
ta&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest podtrzymywana&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w
niektórych&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;regionach Polski&lt;/span&gt;, zwłaszcza &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;górskich&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Koljada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świętem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przesilenia zimowego&lt;/span&gt;,
kiedy ludzie – &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w przebraniu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zwierząt&lt;/span&gt;
– &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wędrowali po&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wiosce&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Bardzo często&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;byli&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przebrani&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kostiumy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kóz łącznie
z&lt;/span&gt; ich &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;głowami&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wspieranymi kijami&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i z&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kocem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zasłaniającym
ciało danej osoby&lt;/span&gt;. Tak samo &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;było w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przypadku&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przebierania się za&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;inne zwierzęta&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Innym&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zwyczajem&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tego okresu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;było to&lt;/span&gt;, że &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jeden chłopiec&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z grupy&lt;/span&gt; trzymał &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;symbol&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wirującego&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;słońca&lt;/span&gt;
ze świecą &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w środku.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Później&lt;/span&gt;, gdy &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Polsce pojawiło się chrześcijaństwo&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;symbol słońca&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zastąpiono&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;gwiazdą&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Grupa chodziła od domu do domu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i wyśpiewywała&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;życzenia dla&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;gospodarzy.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Te utwory&lt;/span&gt; zawierały &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wstęp o uczcie bogów&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;modlitwy i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;najlepsze życzenia dla&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tych, którzy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;słuchali&lt;/span&gt;, spodziewając się &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;otrzymania&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;prezentów&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w zamian&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Dary&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;nazywane były&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;koljada&quot;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zazwyczaj były to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wypieki&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;(&quot;&lt;/span&gt;korovka&quot;), które
miały &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;formę&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;krowy lub&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kozy&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Produkty te&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;były&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycyjnie wypiekane&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przez&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dziadków&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Po otrzymaniu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;prezentu&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jeden z&lt;/span&gt;e śpiewaków &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;uderzał gałązkami&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;leszczyny&lt;/span&gt;, życząc &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;domownikom&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zdrowia i szczęścia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w Nowym Roku&lt;/span&gt;. Gałązkę &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pozostawiano&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;gospodarzowi&lt;/span&gt;, który &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przypinał ją&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;powyżej&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;drzwi&lt;/span&gt;, aby mieć bogactwo &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i ochronę dla domu&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Czasami&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rozpalano
ogniska&lt;/span&gt;, a &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dusze&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zmarłych
przodków&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zapraszano po to, aby mogły się ogrzać&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Również w tym&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;okresie miały miejsce parodie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pogrzebów&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;gdy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;osoba, która&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;udawała,
że&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;​​nie żyje&lt;/span&gt; - &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;była wnoszona do&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;domu&lt;/span&gt;. Wybierana była dziewczyna, która &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycyjnie&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;całowała &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;zmarłego&quot;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Dzięki temu&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;martwa&quot; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;róża&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;symbolizuje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;odrodzenie&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Sylwester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;obchodzony
w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;miastach i na wsiach&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Polski&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zazwyczaj połączony jest z&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;organizacją
przyjęć&lt;/span&gt;, które trwają &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;aż do rana&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Na wsiach są różne tradycje&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;większość z nich&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przybiera&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;formę&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;żartów&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Na
przykład, w Żywcu był zwyczaj, że grupy chłopców przebierały się za diabły,
niedźwiedzie i żebraków i wędrowały po miejscowościach, a towarzyszył im brzęk
pustych puszek. Zatrzymywały każdą młodą kobietę, która stanęła im na drodze i obsypywały
ją śniegiem, ale wszystkie te zwyczaje były traktowane pobłażliwie, ponieważ
wierzono, że w ten sposób ludzie zostawią za sobą stary rok.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Innym ważnym&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zwyczajem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;związanym z&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Sylwestrem
był fakt&lt;/span&gt;, że &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dziadkowie&lt;/span&gt; piekli chleb, który miał &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kształt&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zwierząt (&lt;/span&gt;owiec, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;królików,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;gęsi&lt;/span&gt;, krów &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ptaków)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Dziadkowie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;często dawali&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chleby
swoim&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wnukom.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;W niektórych&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rejonach Polski&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;były&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pieczone pączki&lt;/span&gt;, aby zapewnić &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dostatek&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w Nowym Roku&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Pieczywo&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w
kształcie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pierścienia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;krzyża&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ukrywano&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pod
stołem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;podczas&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;obiadu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;służyło ono&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;za&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wyrocznię&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Jeśli&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ktoś
znalazł&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chleb&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w kształcie
pierścienia&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to znaczy&lt;/span&gt;, że jego &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ślub
odbędzie się szybko, a gdy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;znalazł&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;krzyż&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;oznaczało to&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wprowadzanie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;stan
kapłański&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Z tym dniem ma związek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wiele&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przysłów&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;takich
jak&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;W &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Nowym Roku&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;trzeba&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;obudzić się wcześnie&lt;/span&gt;, by &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wstawać wcześnie&lt;/span&gt; w ciągu całego roku&lt;span class=&quot;atn&quot;&gt;&quot;,
&quot;&lt;/span&gt;Należy dotknąć podłogi &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;prawą nogą&lt;/span&gt;, jeśli chce
się oczekiwać &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;powodzenia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;na resztę roku&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;atn&quot;&gt;&quot; i &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Aby&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;stać
się bogatym&lt;/span&gt;, należy &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;umieścić&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;monety
w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;małej torebce&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;biec na&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wzgórze&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;robiąc
dużo&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;hałasu&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Tradycyjnie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; ten okres &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;był&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;właściwym czasem na&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;prognozy dla dziewcząt&lt;/span&gt;, mogły &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dowiedzieć się,&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kto jest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ich bratnią duszą&lt;/span&gt; – &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wystarczyło tylko spojrzeć w zaparowane lustro po kąpieli w
Sylwestra.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Po&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Nowym
Roku&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;6 stycznia ma miejsce&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Święto&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Trzech Króli&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Ksiądz&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;odwiedza&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;domy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;katolików&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i pisze&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kredą&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;na
drzwiach&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wejściowych&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;inicjały&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;K +&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;M +&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;Kacper, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Melchior&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Baltazar&lt;/span&gt;). &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;W&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;regionach
górskich&lt;/span&gt;, ludzie &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chodzą do kościoła&lt;/span&gt;, by pobłogosławić
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kredę&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;po
powrocie do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;swoich domów&lt;/span&gt; piszą &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;inicjały
na&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;drzwiach wejściowych&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Mają one
na celu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zapobieganie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;katastrofom.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Zwyczaj
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wspólny dla&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;niemal wszystkich&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kultur&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;europejskich&lt;/span&gt;, w tym &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Polaków&lt;/span&gt; i &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Rumunów to ten&lt;/span&gt;, kiedy w
grudniu &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ludzie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przynoszą do swoich domów&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;gałązkę&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jemioły&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;symbol
pokoju&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;życia wiecznego&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;akceptacji&lt;/span&gt;, wskazujący na to, że są &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;oddanymi&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chrześcijanami&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Dziewczyny&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;są&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;często&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;całowane&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pod jemiołą&lt;/span&gt; z &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;miłości&lt;/span&gt;, przyjaźni &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;czy dla powodzenia&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;po pocałunku&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chłopak&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zabiera jeden z owoców jemioły.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Po wyczerpaniu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wszystkich&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jagód&lt;/span&gt; ludzie &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;nie będą mogli całować się pod tą
gałązką&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Co&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest
charakterystyczne&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dla&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kultury&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rumuńskiej&lt;/span&gt;, to &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;bogaty&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;folklor&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z wieloma&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycjami&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;związanymi z&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pracą w gospodarstwie&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;czy pasterstwem&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Tradycje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;czasów starożytnych&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;są
podtrzymywane w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wioskach i miasteczkach&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ale&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;trudno&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;oprzeć&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;się&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;presji&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;globalizacji
i nowoczesności&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Dzięki swej&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;różnorodności
i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;znaczeniu,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zimowe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;mają szczególne miejsce&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w życiu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Rumunów&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Ferie zimowe rozpoczynają się&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wraz z adwentem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;15
listopada), &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ale&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zwiększają swoją&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;intensywność wraz z uroczystością&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;św&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Andrzeja&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i osiągają apogeum&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;okresie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;grudnia - 7 stycznia&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W dniu 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;grudnia
domownicy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świętują dzień&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Ignacego&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycję przechodzącą&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z ojca na syna&lt;/span&gt;.
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Zakłada się, że&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ta tradycja&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pochodzi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ze starożytności&lt;/span&gt;.Centralnym
znaczeniem &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rytuału&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest śmierć&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i odrodzenie&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tym
sensie&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zabijano&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świnie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w celu zwiększenia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;siły&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Słońca.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Wraz z pojawieniem się&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chrześcijaństwa&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ta tradycja&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;została&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zasymilowana&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;poświęcona zwyczajom chrześcijańskim&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Jednak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ludzie
w Rumunii&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;nadal&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zabijają&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świnie tym dniu&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ale&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;teraz
ma to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;inne&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;znaczenie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Rytuał
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świniobicia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dokładnie
przekazywany&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z ojca na syna&lt;/span&gt;. Dzień &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przed ubojem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świnia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;nie
jest karmiona, aby łatwiej można było oczyścić jelita&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Rankiem&lt;/span&gt;,
w dniu imienin Ignaca, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;gospodarz&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z
pomocą&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;mężczyzn&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wioski&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wyciąga&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świnię&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chlewu&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przytrzymuje&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ją&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;a jeden z nich&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zabija&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Po wykrwawieniu się&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świnia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;opalana&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Następnie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świnia&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest obmywana wodą&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i nacierana&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;solą&lt;/span&gt;, żeby uzyskać miękką skórę. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Potem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;czoło świni naznacza się krzyżem i dopiero można ją rozciąć.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Świnia ma zdolności przewidywania pogody&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Od&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wielu, wielu lat mówi się&lt;/span&gt;,
że &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;śledziona&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świni&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;najlepszym wskaźnikiem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dla&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zimy&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Jeśli&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;śledziona przy końcu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest gruba – zima będzie&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ciężka&lt;/span&gt;, z dużą ilością &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;śniegu&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ale&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;lato&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;będzie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;obfite w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;żniwa.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Jeśli&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;śledziona&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest cienka&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to pokazuje, że&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zima będzie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;mroźna z&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;niewielką ilością&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;śniegu&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wiosna&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przyjdzie&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;szybko&lt;/span&gt;, ale &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;następny&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rok nie będzie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tak bogaty&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Po&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rozkrojeniu&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;mięsa&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;gospodynie domowe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zaczynają&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przygotowywać&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kiełbasę&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i inne&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;specjały&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Na&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;koniec&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wszyscy&lt;/span&gt;, którzy &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wzięli udział w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;uboju&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świni&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jedzą&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;potrawy przygotowywane&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z&lt;/span&gt; tego &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;mięsa&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;czasie&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przesilenia zimowego przodkowie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zwykle
wspinali się na szczyty&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z zapalonymi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pochodniami&lt;/span&gt;, by powitać &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wschodzące słońce&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; po&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;modlić się do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;niego&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Po modlitwie&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;odbywały
się&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;spotkania&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w pobliżu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ognia&lt;/span&gt;, ludzie &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;śpiewali i tańczyli&lt;/span&gt;, aż
do &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zachodu słońca&lt;/span&gt;, kiedy &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wracali do&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;swoich domów&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Kiedy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Dacia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;została podbita&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przez
Rzymian&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rodzime&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;podłoże&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycji&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zimowych&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wzbogacono
o&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Saturnalia&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Prawdopodobnie najbardziej&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rozpowszechnioną&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycją w okresie zimowym
wśród&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Rumunów&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kolędowanie&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;scenariusz&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;składa się z&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tekstów&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;obrzędowych&lt;/span&gt;,
magicznych &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;formuł&lt;/span&gt;, tańców i &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;gestów&lt;/span&gt;,
odgrywanych &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;na ulicach&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;lub&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;na podwórkach.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Poprzez&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kolędowanie&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ludzie składają&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;życzenia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zdrowia,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;bogactwa i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;spełnienia&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;marzeń&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w przyszłym roku&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W zależności od&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;poszczególnych dni grudnia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;regionów&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Rumunii&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;istnieje
wiele&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rodzajów&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kolędowania&lt;/span&gt;
– które prezentuję poniżej.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Kolędy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pieśni&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;śpiewane&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przez
dzieci, które&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ogłaszają&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;narodziny&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Jezusa&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i zaczynają się&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wieczorem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;23 grudnia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;a
kończą&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rankiem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;24 grudnia&lt;/span&gt;.
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Kolędnicy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;otrzymują od&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;gospodarza&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;precle&lt;/span&gt;, orzechy, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jabłka&lt;/span&gt;, pieczywo w kształcie węzełka &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;lub
słodycze&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Kolejny&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;stary
zwyczaj&lt;/span&gt;, który &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;dotyczył&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;prawie
wszystkich&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;populacji&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chrześcijańskich&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest taki - dzieci chodzą&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z gwiazdą&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;między&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Świętami Bożego Narodzenia a&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Objawieniem Pańskim&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Ten zwyczaj jest
przypomnieniem, że gwiazda&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ogłasza&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;narodziny&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Jezusa&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wskazuje drogę&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;trzem mędrcom&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W okresie od imienin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Ignacego do Sylwestra&lt;/span&gt;, są &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chłopcy&lt;/span&gt;,
którzy chodzą &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z kozą - &quot;&lt;/span&gt;turca&quot; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;lub &quot;&lt;/span&gt;brezaia&quot;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Wszystkie te&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przedstawienia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z maskami&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;diabłów&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;starców&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;krzyczących&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;gwiżdżących&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;z zabawnymi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ruchami&lt;/span&gt;, starają się &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;nieść radość&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wszystkim tym,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;którzy je oglądają&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Taniec
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kozy&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wykonuje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chłopiec,
który&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przebrany&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;za&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kozę&lt;/span&gt;, tak jak &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;inni&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;śpiewacy&lt;/span&gt;. Koza &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest związana z rytuałem
agrarnym&lt;/span&gt; i ma &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przynosić żyzność glebie i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;obfite&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;plony&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Kolejny&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zwyczaj&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;podobny do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;koziego&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tańca to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;taniec&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;niedźwiedzia&lt;/span&gt;,
pochodzący z &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;regionu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Mołdawii&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Niedźwiedzia&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;odgrywa&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chłopiec&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;mający&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;głowę&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;futro&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zwierzęcia&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Niedźwiedź&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jest prowadzony&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;przez lidera&lt;/span&gt;, przy akompaniamencie &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;muzyki.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;W rytmie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;bębnów,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;fletu&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i innych instrumentów muzycznych&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;lider&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;prowokuje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;niedźwiedzia&lt;/span&gt;, który &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;chodzi kołysząc się&lt;/span&gt;. Zwyczaj ten &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;symbolizuje&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;oczyszczenie&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i płodność&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;gleby&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w nadchodzącym roku&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Pluguşorul
(pług) jest to zwyczaj, który dotyczy całej Rumunii i związany jest z
Sylwestrem. W tym dniu grupy dzieci chodzą od domu do domu, aby życzyć zdrowia
i pomyślności w nadchodzącym roku. Towarzyszy im dźwięk dzwonów, trzask bicza i
tarcia w bębny (&quot;Buhai&quot;), które brzmią podobnie do odgłosu wydawanego
przez woły. Na życzenia składa się długi wiersz, który opisuje rolniczą pracę
m.in. orkę i zakwit drzew.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;W&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pierwszym
dniu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Nowego Roku&lt;/span&gt;, dzieci &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;budzą
się&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wcześnie rano&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;życząc&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zdrowia, szczęścia&lt;/span&gt;, bogactwa &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i dobrobytu&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wszystkim ludziom&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;na cały rok&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Ten zwyczaj&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;nazywa się &quot;&lt;/span&gt;sorcova&quot;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;towarzyszy mu gałązka ozdobiona
kwiatami&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm;tab-stops:254.25pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;6 stycznia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; prawosławni &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Rumuni&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;świętują&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Objawienie
Pańskie&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;W tym dniu&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kapłan&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;błogosławi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;domy i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wodę&lt;/span&gt;, którą &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;gospodarz&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pokrapia
zwierzęta&lt;/span&gt;, aby były &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zdrowe. &lt;/span&gt;Zwyczaj &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w miastach&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w pobliżu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Dunaju
jest taki, że&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;kapłan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;rzuca&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;drewniany krzyż&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;do wody.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Potem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;grupa mężczyzn&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wskakuje
do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zimnej wody&lt;/span&gt;, aby go odzyskać.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm;tab-stops:254.25pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Częścią&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;życia
ludzi&lt;/span&gt; są &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;i zwyczaje&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tego okresu&lt;/span&gt;, które próbują przeciwstawiać się zmianie
stylu życia i przejściu z działalności rolniczej do działalności innego rodzaju
– jak przemysł czy usługi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:1.0cm;tab-stops:254.25pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt;Mam nadzieję, że&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PL&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;te piękne&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tradycje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;nie
pozostaną&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;zwykłymi wspomnieniami&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;lub&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;tylko&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wzmiankami&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;w
książce&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;bo&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;są&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;częścią kultury&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;jednego państwa&lt;/span&gt; czyniąc
je jednocześnie innym i wyjątkowym.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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			<link>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/tradycje_zimowe/2014-01-15-73</link>
			<category>Polski</category>
			<dc:creator>Ciprian</dc:creator>
			<guid>https://echoesofeurope.ucoz.com/blog/tradycje_zimowe/2014-01-15-73</guid>
			<pubDate>Wed, 15 Jan 2014 12:30:24 GMT</pubDate>
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